Skip to main content
Log in

Research foundations of EMG biofeedback in rehabilitation

  • Research Recognition Award Paper
  • Published:
Biofeedback and Self-regulation Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adrian, E. D., & Bronk, D. W. (1928). The discharge of impulses in motor nerve fibres. Part I. Impulses in single fibres of the phrenic nerve.Journal of Physiology, 66 81–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adrian, E. D., & Bronk, D. W. (1929). The discharge of impulses in motor nerve fibres. Part II. The frequency of discharge in reflex and voluntary contractions.Journal of Physiology, 67 119–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashworth, B., Grimby, L., & Kugelberg, E. (1967). Comparison of voluntary and reflex activation of motor units: Functional organization of motor neurons.Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 30 91–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basmajian, J. V. (1952). Electromyography.University of Toronto Medical Journal, 30 10–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basmajian, J. V. (1961). Weight-bearing by ligaments and muscles.Canadian Journal of Surgery, 4 166–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basmajian, J. V. (1963). Control and training of individual motor units.Science, 141 440–441.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basmajian, J. V. (1977). Motor learning and control: A working hypothesis.Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 58 38–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basmajian, J. V. (1979).Muscles alive: Their functions revealed by electromyography (4th ed.). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basmajian, J. V. (Ed.). (1989).Biofeedback: Principles and practice for clinicans (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basmajian, J. V., Baeza, M., & Fabrigar, C. (1965). Conscious control and training of individual spinal motor neurons in normal human subjects.Journal of New Drugs, 5 78–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basmajian, J. V., & Bazant, F. J. (1959). Factors preventing downward dislocation of the adducted shoulder joint: An electromyographic and morphological study.Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 41 1182–1186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basmajian, J. V., & Cross, G. L. (1971). Duration of motor unit potentials from fine-wire electrodes.American Journal of Physical Medicine, 50 144–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basmajian, J. V., & DeLuca, C. J. (1985).Muscles alive: Their functions revealed by electromyography. (5th ed.) Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basmajian, J. V., Gowland, C., Brandstater, M. E., Swanson, L., & Trotter, J. (1982). EMG feedback treatment of upper limb in hemiplegic stroke patients: Pilot study.Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 63 613–616.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basmajian, J. V., Gowland, C. A., Finlayson, A. J., Hall, A. C., Swanson, L. R., Stratford, P. W., Trotter, J. E., & Brandstater, M. E. (1987). Stroke treatment: Comparison of integrated behavioral-physical therapy vs. traditional physical therapy programs.Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 68 268–272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basmajian, J. V., Kukulka, C. G. Narayan, M. G., & Takebe, K. (1976). Biofeedback treatment of footdrop after stroke compared with standard rehabilitation technique: Effect on voluntary control and strength.Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 56 231–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basmajian, J. V., & Latif, A. (1957). Integrated actions and functions of the chief flexors of the elbow: A detailed electromyographic analysis.Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 39-A 1106–1118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basmajian, J. V., & Newton, W. J. (1973). Feedback training of parts of buccinator muscle in man.Psychophysiology, 11 92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basmajian, J. V., Regenos, E. M., & Baker, M. P. (1977). Rehabilitating stroke patients with biofeedback.Geriatrics, 32 85–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basmajian, J. V., & Simard, T. G. (1967). Effects of distracting movements on the control of trained motor units.American Journal of Physical Medicine, 46 1427–1449.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basmajian, J. V., & Stecko, G. (1962). A new bipolar indwelling electrode for electromyography.Journal of Applied Physiology, 17 849.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basmajian, J. V., & Travill, A. (1961). Electromyography of the pronator muscles in the forearm.Anatomical Record, 139 45–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basmajian, J. V., & Wolf, S. L. (Eds.) (1989).Therapeutic exercise (5th ed.. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bobath, B. (1978).Adult hemiplegia: Evaluation and treatment (2nd ed.). London: Heinemann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, I. A., & Roberts, T. D. M. (1953). Properioceptive discharges from stretch-receptors in the knee-joint of the cat.Journal of Physiology, 122 38–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brudny, I., Korein, J., Grynbaum, B. B., Friedmann, L. W., Weinstein, S., Sachs-Frankel, G., & Belandres, P. V. (1976). EMG feedback therapy: Review of treatment of 114 patients.Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 57 55–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruno, L. J. J., Davidowitz, J., & Hefferline, R. F. (1970). EMG waveform duration: A validation method for the surface electromyogram.Behavioral Research Methodology and Instrumentation, 2 211–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cleeland, C. S. (1973). Behavioral technics in modification of spasmodic torticollis.Neurology (Minneapolis), 23 1241–1247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cleeland, C. S. (1989). Biofeedback and other behavioral techniques in the treatment of disorders of voluntary movement. In J. V. Basmajian (Ed.),Biofeedback: Principles and practice for clinicians (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeLuca, C. J., & Forrest, W. J. (1973). Properties of motor unit action potential trains.Kybernetics, 12 160–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forrest, W. J., & Basmajian, J. V. (1965). Function of human thenar and hypothenar muscles: An electromyographic study of twenty-five hands.Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 47-A 1585–1594.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fruhling, M., Basmajian, J. V., & Simard, T. G. (1969). A note on the conscious control of motor units by children under six.Journal of Motor Behavior, 1 65–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillies, J. D. (1972). Motor unit discharge patterns during isometric contraction in man.Journal of Physiology (London), 223 36–37P.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, L. J., & Derfler, B. (1977). Relationship among recruitment order, spike amplitude, and twitch tension of single motor units in human masseter muscle.Journal of Neurophysiology, 40 879–880.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, E. R. (1971). Conscious control of motor units in a tonic muscle.American Journal of Physical Medicine, 50 34–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gurfinkel, V. S., & Levik, Y. S. (1976). Forming an unfused tetanus.Human Physiology (Russian), 2 914–924.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, V. F., & Mortensen, O. A. (1962). Identification on voluntary control of single motor unit activity in the tibialis anterior muscle.Anatomical Record, 144 109–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hefferline, R. F., Bruno, L. J. J., & Davidowitz, J. E. (1971). Feedback control of covert behavior. In K. J. Connolly (Ed.),Mechanisms of motor skill development. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hefferline, R. F., & Perera, T. B. (1963). Proprioceptive discrimination of a covert operant without its observation by the subject.Science, 139 834–935.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henneman, E., Somjen, G., & Carpenter, D. O. (1965). Excitability and inhibitability of motoneurons of different sizes.Journal of Neurophysiology, 28 599–625.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inglis, J., Donald, M. W., Monga, T. N., Sproule, M., & Young, M. I. (1984). Electromyographic biofeedback and physical therapy of hemiplegic upper limb.Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 65 755–759.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inman, V. T., Saunders, J. B. C. M., & Abbott, L. C. (1944). Observations on the function of the shoulder joint.Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 26 1–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jasper, H. H., & Forde, W. O. (1947). The R.C.A.M.C. electromyograph mark III.Canadian Journal of Research, 25 100–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, H. E., & Garton, W. H. (1973). Muscle reeducation in hemiplegia by use of electromyographic device.Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 54 320–322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kato, M., & Tanji, J. (1972). Volitionally controlled single motor units in human finger muscles.Brain Research, 40 435–437.

    Google Scholar 

  • Komi, P. V., & Viitasalo, J. H. T. (1976). Signal characteristics of EMG at different levels of muscle tension.Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 96 267–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korein, J., Brudny, J., Grynbaum, B., Sachs-Frankel, G., Weisinger, M., & Levidow, L. (1976). Sensory feedback therapy of spasmodic torticollis and dystonia. In R. Eldridge, & S. Fahn (Eds.),Advances in Neurology (Vol. 14). New York, Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ladd, H., Johnsson, B., & Lindegren, U. (1972). The learning process for fine neuromuscular control in skeletal muscles of man.Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 12 213–223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leibrecht, B. E., Lloyd, A. J., & Pounder, S. (1972). Auditory feedback and conditioning of the single motor unit.Psychophysiology, 10 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, A. J., & Leibrecht, B. C. (1971). Conditioning of a single motor unit.Journal of Experimental Psychology, 88 391–395.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, A. J., & Shurley, J. T. (1976). Perceptual isolation on single motor unit conditioning.Psychophysiology, 13 340–344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maton, B., & Bouisset, S. (1975). Motor unit activity and preprogramming of movement in man.Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 38 658–660.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLeod, W. D., & Thysell, R. (1973). Cortically evoked potentials co-related with single motor units.

  • Milner-Brown, H. S., & Stein, R. B. (1975). The relation between the surface electromyogram and muscular force.Journal of Physiology (London), 246 549–569.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milner-Brown, H. S., Stein, R. B., & Yemm, R. (1972). Mechanisms for increasing force during voluntary contractions.Journal of Physiology (London), 226 18–19P.

    Google Scholar 

  • Payton, O. D., Su, S., & Meydrich, E. F. (1976). Abductor digit shuffleboard: A study in motor learning.Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 57 169–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Powers, W. R. (1969).Conscious control of single motor units in the preferred and non-preferred hand. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario.

    Google Scholar 

  • Samson, J. (1971).The acquisition, retention and transfer of single motor unit control. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D. S., Goldenberg, E., Ashburn, A., Kinsella, G., Sheikh, K., Brennan, P. J., Meade, T. W., Zutshi, D. W., Perry, I. D., & Reeback, J. S. (1981). Remedial therapy after stroke: Randomised controlled trial.British Medical Journal, 282 517–520.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, H. M., Jr., Basmajian, J. V., & Vanderstoep, S. F. (1974). Inhibition of neighboring motoneurons in conscious control of single spinal motoneurons.Science, 183 975–976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, O. C. (1934). Action potentials from single motor units in voluntary contraction.American Journal of Physiology, 108 629–638.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sussman, H. M., Hanson, R. J., & MacNeilage, P. F. (1972). Studies of single motor units in the speech musculature: Methodology and preliminary findings.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 51 1372–1374.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanji, J., & Kato, M. (1971). Volitionally controlled single motor unit discharges and cortical motor potentials in human subjects.Brain Research, 29 243–346.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanji, J., & Kato, M. (1972). Discharges of single motor units at voluntary contraction of abductor digiti minimi muscle in man.Brain Research, 45 590–593.

    Google Scholar 

  • Travill, A., & Basmajian, J. V. (1961). Electromyography of the supinators of the forearm.Anatomical Record, 139 557–560.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuttle, R., & Basmajian, J. V. (1974). Electromyographic studies of brachial muscles in Pan gorilla and hominoid evolution.American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 41 71–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagman, I. H., Pierce, D. S., & Burger, R. E. (1965). Proprioceptive influence in volitional control of individual motor units.Nature, 207 957–958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weddell, G., Feinstein, B., & Pattle, R. E. (1944). The electrical activity of voluntary muscles in man under normal and pathological conditions.Brain, 67 178–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, S. L., & Binder-MacLeod, S. A. (1983). Electromyographic biofeedback applications to hemiplegic patient: Changes in upper extremity neuromuscular and functional status.Physical Therapy, 63 1393–1403.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

At the 1988 Annual Meeting of the Biofeedback Society of America, several individuals received Research Recognition Awards honoring them for their important contributions to research in applied psychophysiology and biofeedback. As part of this award, each recipient was invited to summarize his or her work for publication inBiofeedback and Self-Regulation. As editors of the journal, we are delighted to present to our readers the first of this important series of Research Recognition Award Papers.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Basmajian, J.V. Research foundations of EMG biofeedback in rehabilitation. Biofeedback and Self-Regulation 13, 275–298 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00999085

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00999085

Keywords

Navigation