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Mycorrhizae of nitrogen-fixing legumes

  • Giam VII-Invited Papers
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Summary

Most plant species form mycorrhizae, which are symbiotic fungus-root associations. Many plants can also form symbioses with specific bacteria or actinomycetes which produce root nodules and fix atmospheric nitrogen within these nodules. The tripartite mycorrhiza-legume-Rhizobium symbiosis is the subject of this review. Mycorrhizal nitrogen-fixing legumes include many important temperate and tropical crops, e.g. clover, lucerne, beans (Phaseolus andVicia), peas, soybean, cowpea, pigeonpea, groundnuts,Stylosanthes, Pueraria andCentrosema. These forage and grain legumes form endomycorrhiza of the vesicular-arbuscular (VA) type, as do most species of the Mimosoideae and Papilionoideae. Some arborescent legumes also form VA mycorrhiza, e.g.Leucaena, but many, especially the Caesalpinoideae, form mycorrhiza of the ecto-type; some, e.g.Acacia, have both ecto- and VA mycorrhiza. In some legumes, e.g. clover andStylosanthes, mycorrhizal fungi can densely colonize>70% of the root system; in others, e.g. lupins, mycorrhizal infection is usually light. Unlike theRhizobium symbiosis, mycorrhizal symbioses are essentially non-specific. The ability of mycorrhizae to increase plant uptake of phosphate and alleviate P-stress in P-deficient soils leads to increases in nodulation, nitrogen-fixation, P concentration and plant growth. Mycorrhizae also affect trace element uptake, e.g. Cu and Zn, photosynthate supply, water relations and hormonal balance in legumes. Some legumes grow so poorly without mycorrhiza as to be ecologically obligately mycorrhizal. To some extent root geometry determines the degree of dependence of a legume on mycorrhiza, because the fungal hyphae extend the absorbing surface of the root. Where a legume is growing with a non-mycotrophic plant, its competitive ability can be increased by mycorrhiza. Environmental factors and inputs of P and N fertilizer affect the effectiveness of theRhizobium-mycorrhiza interaction. Also disease tolerance of legumes can be affected by mycorrhiza. The practical impact of mycorrhiza in nitrogen-fixing legumes may be considerable. Dual inoculation of leguminous crops with elite strains of mycorrhizal fungi andRhizobium bacteria, in conjunction with minimal N fertilizer and better utilization of less P fertilizer (rock or super), is currently being studied in many countries. Inoculation techniques are being developed for exploitation on a field scale. It is hoped that further investigations, especially in low-input cropping systems, will enable the substantial potential of mycorrhiza in legume productivity to be achieved.

Résumé

La plupart des plantes forment des mycorhizes, c'est à dire des associations symbiotiques des racines avec des champignons. Beaucoup de plantes peuvent aussi former des symbioses avec des bactéries spécifiques ou des actinomycètes qui produisent des nodules racinaires et fixent l'azote atmosphérique dans ces nodules. La symbiose tripartite mycorhize-légumineuse-Rhizobium est le sujet de la présente revue générale. Les légumineuses à mycorhizes fixant l'azote comprennent un grand nombre de cultures importantes des pays tempérés et tropicaux, comme le trèfle, la luzerne, les haricots (Phaseolus etVicia), les pois, le soja, le cajou, l'arachide,Vigna sinensis, Stylosanthes, Pueraria etCentrosema. Ces légumineuses à fourrage et à graines forment des endo-mycorhizes de type vésiculaire-arbusculaire (VA), comme le font le plupart des éspèces de Mimosoideae et de Papilionoideae. Certaines légumineuses arborescentes forment aussi de mycorhizes VA, par exempleLeucaena, mais beaucoup d'entre elles, particulièrement les Caesalpinoideae, forment des ecto-mycorhizes. Certaines, comme lesAcacia, ont à la fois des mycorhizes du type VA et du type ecto. Les champignons mycorrhizogènes peuvent densement coloniser (plus de 70%) les systèmes racinaires de quelques légumineuses comme le trèfle et leStylosanthes, mais ordinairement légèrement colonisent d'autres, eg.Lupinus. A la différence des symbioses àRhizobium, celles des mycorhizes sont essentiellement non-spécifiques. L'aptitude des mycorhizes à accroître l'absorption des phosphates et à réduire la déficience en P dans les sols qui en sont pauvres a pour conséquence d'accroître la nodulation, la fixation de l'azote, ainsi que la teneur en P et la croissance de la plante. Les mycorhizes influence également l'absorption des oligo-éléments, comme Cu et Zn, l'activité photo-synthétique, les relations avec l'eau, et l'équilibre hormonal des légumineuses. Certaines légumineuses poussent si mal en l'absence de mycorhizes qu'on peut les considérer, du point de vue écologique, comme obligatoirement mycotrophiques. La géométrie des racines détérmine dans une certaine mesure le degré de dépendence d'une légumineuse par rapport au mycorhizes. En effet, les hyphes fongiques accroissent la surface absorbante de la racine. Lorsque une légumineuse pousse avec une plante non-mycotrophique, sa compétitivité peut être accrue par la mycorhization. Certains facteurs de l'environnement, ainsi que l'apport de P et de N par des engrais diminuent l'efficacité de l'interactionRhizobium-micorhize. D'autre part la résistance des légumineuses aux maladies peut être affectée par les mycorhizes. L'impact pratique des mycorhizes sur les légumineuses fixant l'azote peut être considérable. La double inoculation avec des souches sélectionnées de champignons mycorhiziens et deRhizobium bactériens, associée à un apport minimal d'engrais azoté et à une meilleure utilisation d'un moins quantité d'engrais phosophoré (de roche ou super-phosphate), est couramment étudiée dans de nombreux pays. Des techniques d'inoculation sur le terrain sont mises au point. On espère que de nouvelles recherches, en particulier sur les systèmes de culture avec faible apport exogène, permettront au potentiel des mycorhizes pour la productivité des légumineuses de se réaliser pleinement.

Resumen

La mayoría de las especies vegetales forman micorrizas, que son asociaciones simbióticas hogno-raíz. Muchas plantas pueden también formar simbiosis con bacterias específicas o actinomicetos, produciendo nódulos radicales fijadores de nitrógeno atmosférico. La simbiosis tripartita micorriza-leguminosa-Rhizobium constituye el tema de esta revisión. Entre las leguminosas micorrizables y fijadoras de nitrógeno se incluyen cultivos importantes tanto de climas templados como tropicales, como son trébol, alfalfa, judía (Phaseolus yVicia), guisante, soja, freijol, guandú, cacahuete,Stylosanthes, Pueraria yCentrosema. Estas leguminosas forrajeras o de grano forman endomicorrizas del tipo vesículo-arbuscular (VA), al igual que la mayoría de las especies de las Mimosoideae y Papilionoideae. Algunas leguminosas arborescentes comoLeucaena también forman micorrizas VA aunque la mayoría, especialmente las pertenecientes a las Cesalpinoideae forman micorrizas de tipo ecto-, aunque se han citado casos como enAcacia que poseen ambos tipos de micorrizas, ecto y VA, simultaneamente. En algunas leguminosas (trébol yStylosanthes) el hongo micorrícico puede colonizar densamente (más del 70%) el sistema radical; en otros casos (Lupinus) la infección micorrícica es por lo general leve. Al contrario de lo que ocurre conRhizobium, las simbiosis micorrícicas son esencialmente no específicas. La capacidad de las micorrizas para incrementar la absorción de P por la planta, superando así la deficiencia en fosfato de los suelos pobres en P, conduce a un incrimento de la nodulación, fijación de nitrógeno, concentración de P y crecimiento de la planta. Las micorrizas también afectan la absorción de oligoelementos como Cu y Zn, la distribución de fotosintato, las relaciones hídricas y el balance hormonal en las leguminosas. Algunas leguminosas crecen con tan poco vigor en ausencia de micorrizas que pueden considerarse, desde un punto de vista ecológico, como obligatoriamente microrrícicas. Hasta cierto punto, la geometría de la raíz determina el grado de dependencia de una leguminosa de la micorriza, ya que las hifas del hongo aumentan la superficie absorbente de la raíz. Cuando una leguminosa crece junto con una planta no micorrizable, su capacidad competitiva puede incrementarse gracias a la micorriza. Diversos factores ambientales y el aporte de fertilizantes de N y P afectan la eficacia de la interacciónRhizobium-micorriza. La tolerancia de las leguminosas a distintas enfermedades puede verse también afectada por las micorrizas. El impacto práctico de las micorrizas en las leguminosas fijadoras de nitrógeno puede ser considerable. En muchos países se está estudiando el efecto de una doble inoculación de cultivos con cepas seleccionadas de hongos micorrícicos y deRhizobium junto con un aporte mínimo de nitrógeno y una mejor utilización de menor cantidad de abono fosfatado (de roca o superfosfato). Se están desarrollando distintas técnicas de inoculación para su explotación a nivel de campo. Se espera que el resultado de estas y otras investigaciones, especialmente en el área de sistemas agrícolas de bajo consumo, permita a las micorrizas desarrollar plenamente su papel en la productividad de las leguminosas.

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Hayman, D.S. Mycorrhizae of nitrogen-fixing legumes. Mircen Journal 2, 121–145 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00937189

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