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Anaerobic digestion of native cellulosic wastes

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Summary

Anaerobic digestion is an extensively used bioconversion process to produce gaseous fuel from native lignocellulosic materials. It consists essentially of two steps; acidogenesis and methanogenesis. Most conventional anaerobic digesters are single-stage systems. Animal waste, agricultural residues, sewage sludge and industrial effluents are suitable as feedstock. Biogas productivity in single stage digestion ranges from 0.5–1.5 m3/m3/day at mesophilic (20–40°C) and 1.0–2.5 m3/m3/day at thermophilic (40–60°C) temperatures, and about 30–50% of the volatile solids are converted to biogas. In two-stage systems, acidogenesis is separated from methanogenesis, which improves cellulose hydrolysis and process efficiency. Recent advances in digester design include the introduction of the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket, and fluidized-bed and fixed-film bioreactors, which are operated at much higher loading. Process efficiency can be as high as 97%. An overview of these technologies is presented.

Résumé

La fermentation anaérobie est un procédé de bio-conversion très utilisé pour produire des carburants gazeux à partir de ligno-cellulose. Elle comporte essentiellement deux étapes: acidogenèse et méthanogenèse. La plupart des digesteurs usuels sont des systèmes à un seul étage. Les déchets animaux, les résidus agricoles, les boues d'épandage et certains effluents industriels sont des substrats appropriés. Dans les fermentations à un seul étage, la productivité en bio-gaz varie entre 0,5 et 1,5 m3 par m3 et par jour pour les températures mésophiles (20–40°C) et de 1,0 à 2,5 pour les températures thermophiles (40–50°C); d'autre part environ 30 à 50% des solides volatils sont convertis en bio-gaz. Dans les systèmes à deux étages, l'acidogenèse est séparée de la méthanogenèse, ce qui améliore l'hydrolyse de la cellulose et l'efficacité du procédé. Les progrès récents concernant la structure des fermenteurs comprennent la circulation du dépôt anaérobie et la réalisation de bioréacteurs à lit fluidisé et à film-fixé, ce qui permet d'opérer avec des charges trés supérieures. L'efficacité peut atteindre 97%. Un aperçu de ces nouvelles technologies est présenté dans l'article.

Resumen

La digestión anaeróbica es un proceso de bioconversión muy utilizado para producir gas combustible a partir de materiales de tipo lignocelulósico. El proceso consta esencialmente de dos etapas acidogénesis y metaogénesis. La mayoría de los digestores de tipo convencional son de una sola etapa. Como material de partida pueden utilizarse residuos dé ganado, agrícolas, lodos de depuradoras y efluentes industriales. La producción de biogás en un digestor de una sola etapa va desde 0.5–1.5 m3/m3 día cuando el proceso transcurre a temperaturas mesófilas hasta 1.0–2.5 m3/m3 día cuando lo hace a temperaturas termófilas, transformándose entre un 30 y un 50% de los sólidos volátiles en biogás. En los sistemas con dos etapas la acidogénesis se separa de la metanogénesis con lo cual se mejora la hidrólisis de la celulosa y por lo tanto la eficiencia del proceso. Entre los recientes adelantos en el diseño de digestores cabe incluir la introducción de una manta de flujo ascendente para fangos anaeróbicos y bioreactores con camas fluidas y de lámina fija que pueden usarse con cargas mayores. La eficiencia del proceso puede llegar entonces hasta 97%. En este trabajo se pasa revista a todas estas nuevas tecnologías.

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Bhadra, A., Scharer, J.M. & Moo-Young, M. Anaerobic digestion of native cellulosic wastes. Mircen Journal 2, 349–358 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00933476

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