Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

B-cell stimulatory factors (BSFs): Molecular structure, biological function, and regulation of expression

  • Special Article
  • Published:
Journal of Clinical Immunology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Kishimoto T: Factors affecting B-cell growth and differentiation. Annu Rev Immunol 3:133–157, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  2. Noma Y, Sideras T, Naito T, Bergstedt-Lindqvist S, Azuma C, Severinson E, Tanabe T, Kinashi T, Matsuda F, Yaoita Y, Honjo T: Cloning of cDNA encoding the murine IgG1 induction factor by a novel strategy using SP6 promoter. Nature 319:640–646, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  3. Lee F, Yokota T, Otsuka T, Meyerson P, Villaret D, Coffman R, Mosmann T, Rennick D, Roehm N, Smith C, Zlotnick A, Arai K: Isolation and characterization of a mouse interleukin cDNA clone that expresses B-cell stimulatory factor 1 activities and T-cell and mast-cell-stimulating activities. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:2061–2065, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  4. Yokota T, Otsuka T, Mosmann T, Banchereau J, DeFrance T, Blanchard D, Vries JED, Lee F, Arai K: Isolation and characterization of a human interleukin cDNA clone, homologous to mouse B-cell stimulatory factor 1, that expresses B-cell- and T-cell-stimulating activities. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:5894–5898, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  5. Kinashi T, Harada N, Severinson E, Tanabe R, Sideras P, Konishi M, Azuma C, Tominaga A, Bergstedt-Lindqvist S, Takahashi M, Matsuda F, Yaoita Y, Takatsu K, Honjo T: Cloning of complementary DNA encoding T-cell replacing factor and identity with B-cell growth factor II. Nature 324:70–73, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  6. Azuma C, Tanabe T, Konishi M, Kinashi T, Noma T, Matsuda F, Yaoita Y, Takatsu K, Hammarström L, Smith CIE, Severinson E, Honjo T: Cloning of cDNA for human T-cell replacing factor (interleukin-5) and comparison with the murine homologue. Nucleic Acids Res 14:9149–9158, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  7. Hirano T, Yasukawa K, Harada H, Taga T, Watanabe Y, Matsuda T, Kashiwamura S, Nakajima K, Koyama K, Iwamatsu A, Tsunasawa S, Sakiyama F, Matsui H, Takahara Y, Taniguchi T, Kishimoto T: Complementary DNA for a novel human interleukin (BSF-2) that induces B lymphocytes to produce immunoglobulin. Nature 324:73–76, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  8. Dutton RW, Falkoff R, Hirst JA, Hoffman M, Kappler JW, Kettman JR, Lesley JR, Vann P: Is there evidence for a non-antigen specific diffusable chemical mediator from the thymus-derived cell in the initiation of the immune response? Prog Immunol 1:355, 1971

    Google Scholar 

  9. Schimpl A, Wecker E: Replacement of T-cell function by a T-cell product. Nature New Biol 237:15–17, 1972

    Google Scholar 

  10. Kishimoto T, Miyake T, Nishizawa Y, Watanabe T, Yamamura Y: Triggering mechanism of B lymphocytes. I. Effect of anti-immunoglobulin and enhancing soluble factor on differentiation and proliferation of B cells. J Immunol 15:1179–1184, 1975

    Google Scholar 

  11. Parker DC: Stimulation of mouse lymphocytes by insoluble anti-mouse immunoglobulin. Nature 258:361–363, 1975

    Google Scholar 

  12. Parker DC, Fothergill JJ, Wadsworth DC: B lymphocyte activation by insoluble anti-immunoglobulin: Induction of immunoglobulin secretion by a T cell-dependent soluble factor. J Immunol 123:931–941, 1979

    Google Scholar 

  13. Yoshizaki K, Nakagawa T, Kaieda T, Muraguchi A, Yamamura Y, Kishimoto T: Induction of proliferation and Igs-production in human B leukemic cells by anti-immunoglobulins and T cell factors. J Immunol 128:1296–1301, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  14. Kishimoto T, Yoshizaki K, Kimoto M, Okada M, Kuritani T, Kikutani H, Shimizu K, Nakagawa T, Nakagawa N, Miki Y, Kishi H, Fukunaga K, Yoshikubo T, Taga T: B cell growth and differentiation factors and mechanism of B cell activation. Immunol Rev 78:97–118, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  15. Okada M, Sakaguchi N, Yoshimura N, Hara H, Shimizu K, Yoshida N, Yoshizaki K, Kishimoto S, Yamamura Y, Kishimoto T: B cell growth factor (BCGF) and B cell differentiation factor from human T hybridomas. Two distinct kinds of BCGFs and their synergism in B cell proliferation. J Exp Med 157:583–590, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  16. Howard M, Farrar J, Hilfiker M, Johnson B, Takatsu K, Hamaoka T, Paul WE: Identification of a T cell-derived B cell growth factor distinct from interleukin 2. J Exp Med 155:914–923, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  17. Kaieda T, Okada M, Yoshimura N, Kishimoto S, Yamamura Y, Kishimoto T: A human helper T cell clone secreting both killer helper factor(s) and T cell-replacing factor(s). J Immunol 129:46–51, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  18. Swain SK, Dutton RW: Production of a B cell growth-promoting activity, (DL) BCGF, from a cloned T cell line and its assay on the BCL1 B cell tumor. J Exp Med 156:1821–1834, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  19. Swain SL, Howard M, Kappler J, Marrack P, Watson J, Booth R, Wetzel GD, Dutton RW: Evidence for two distinct classes of murine B cell growth factors with activities in different functional assays. J Exp Med 158:822–835, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  20. Nakajima K, Hirano T, Takatsuki F, Sakaguchi N, Yoshida N, Kishimoto T: Physicochemical and functional properties of murine B cell-derived B cell growth factor II. J Immunol 135:1207–1210, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  21. Shimizu K, Hirano T, Ishibashi K, Nakano N, Taga T, Sugamura K, Yamamura Y, Kishimoto T: Immortalization of BGDF (BCGF II)- and BCDF-producing T cells by human T cell leukemia virus (HTLV) and characterization of human BGDF (BCGF II). J Immunol 134:1728–1733, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  22. Harada N, Kikuchi Y, Tominaga A, Takaki S, Takatsu K: BCGFII activity on activated B cells of a purified murine T cell-replacing factor (TRF) from a T cell hybridoma (B151K12). J Immunol 134:3944–3951, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  23. Hirano T, Taga T, Nakano N, Yasukawa K, Kashiwamura S, Shimizu K, Nakajima K, Pyun KH, Kishimoto T: Purification to homogeneity and characterization of human B cell differentiation factor (BCDF of BSFP-2). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:5490–5494, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  24. Muraguchi A, Kishimoto T, Miki Y, Kuritani T, Kaieda T, Yoshizaki K, Yamamura Y: T cell replacing factor (TRF)-induced IgG-secretion in a human B blastoid cell line and demonstration of acceptors for TRF. J Immunol 127:412–416, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  25. Butler JL, Falkoff RJM, Fauci AS: Development of a human T-cell hybridoma secreting separate B-cell growth and differentiation factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:2475–2478, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  26. Rawle FC, Shields J, Smith SH, Iliescu V, Merkenschlager M, Beverley P, Callard R: B cell growth and differentiation induced by supernatants of transformed epithelial cell lines. Eur J Immunol 16:1017–1019, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  27. Kikutani H, Taga T, Akira S, Kishi H, Miki Y, Saiki O, Yamamura Y, Kishimoto T: Effect of B cell differentiation factor (BCDF) on biosynthesis and secretion of immunoglobulin molecules in human B cell lines. J Immunol 134:990–995, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  28. Saiki O, Ralph P: Clonal differences in response to T cell replacing factor for IgM secretion and TRF receptors in a human B lymphoblast cell line. Eur J Immunol 13:31–34, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  29. Hirano T, Taga T, Yasukawa K, Nakajima K, Nakano N, Takatsuki F, Shimizu M, Murashima A, Tsunasawa S, Sakiyama F, Kishimoto T: Human B cell differentiation factor defined by an anti-peptide antibody and its possible role in autoantibody production. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:228–231, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  30. Zilberstein A, Ruggieri R, Korn JH, Revel M: Structure and expression of cDNA and genes for human interferon-β-2, a distinct species inducible by growth-stimulatory cytokines. EMBO J 5:2529–2537, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  31. Haegeman G, Content J, Volckaert G, Derynck R, Tavernier J, Fiers W: Structural analysis of the sequence coding for an inducible 26-kDa protein in human fibroblasts. Eur J Biochem 159:625–632, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  32. Billau A: BSF2 is not just a differentiation factor. Nature 324:415–415, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  33. Weissenbach J, Chernajovsky Y, Zeevi M, Shulman L, Soreq H, Nir U, Wallach D, Perricaudet M, Tiollais P, Revel M: Two interferon mRNAs in human fibroblasts. In vitro translation and Escherichia coli cloning studies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77:7152–7156, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  34. Sehgal PB, Sagar AD: Heterogeneity of poly(I)·poly(C)-induced human fibroblast interferon mRNA species. Nature (London) 288:95–97, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  35. Content J, De Wit L, Poupart P, Opdenakker G, Van Damme J, Billiau A: Induction of a 26-kDa-protein mRNA in human cells treated with an interleukin-1-related, leukocyte-derived factor. Eur J Biochem 152:253–257, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  36. Kohase M, Henriksen-DeStefano D, May LT, Vilcek J, Sehgal PB: Induction of β2-interferon by tumor necrosis factor. A homeostatic mechanism in the control of cell proliferation. Cell 45:659–666, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  37. Lester TM, Helfgott DC, Sehgal PB: Anti-β-interferon antibodies inhibit the increased expression of HLA-B7 mRNA in tumor necrosis factor-treated human fibroblasts: Structural studies of the β2 interferon involved. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:8957–8961, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  38. Paul WE, Ohara J: B cell stimulatory factor 1/Interleukin 4. Annu Rev Immunol 5:429, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  39. Ohara J, Paul WE: B cell stimulatory factor BSF-1. Production of a monoclonal antibody and molecular characterization. Nature 315:333–336, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  40. Ohara J, Lahet S, Inman J, Paul WE: Partial purification of BSF1 by HPLC. J Immunol 135:2518–2523, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  41. Rabin EM, Ohara J, Paul WE: B cell stimulatory factor (BSF)-1 activates resting B cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:2935–2939, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  42. Noelle R, Krammer PH, Ohara J, Uhr JW, Vitetta ES: Increased expression of Ia antigens on resting B cells. An additional role for B-cell growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:6149–6153, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  43. Rabin EM, Mond JJ, Ohara J, Paul WE: B cell stimulatory factor (BSF)-1 prepares resting B cells to enter S phase in response to anti-IgM and to lipopolysaccharide. J Exp Med 164:517–531, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  44. Vitetta ES, Brooks K, Chen YW, Isakson P, Jones S, Layton J, Mishra GC, Pure E, Weiss E, Word C, Yuan D, Tucker P, Uhr JW, Krammer PH: T cell-derived lymphokines that induce IgM and IgG secretion in activated murine B cells. Immunol Rev 78:137–157, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  45. Sideras P, Bergstedt-Lindqvist S, Severinson E: Partial biochemical characterization of IgG1-inducing factor. Eur J Immunol 15:593–598, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  46. Vitetta ES, Ohara J, Myers C, Layton J, Krammer PH, Paul WE: Serological, biochemical, and functional identity of B cell-stimulatory factor 1 and B cell differentiation factor for IgG1. J Exp Med 162:1726–1731, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  47. Pike BL, Vaux DL, Clark-Lewis I, Schrader JW, Nossal GJV: Proliferation and differentiation of single hapten-specific B lymphocytes is promoted by T-cell factor(s) distinct from T-cell growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:6350–6354, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  48. Takatsu K, Kikuchi Y, Takahashi T, Honjo T, Matsumoto M, Harada N, Yamaguchi N, Tominaga A: Interleukin 5, a T cell derived B cell differentiation factor also induces cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (in press), 1987

  49. Harada N, Takahashi T, Matsumoto M, Kinashi T, Ohara J, Kikuchi Y, Koyama N, Severinson E, Yaoita Y, Honjo T, Yamaguchi N, Tominaga A, Takatsu K: Production of a monoclonal antibody to and its use in the molecular characterization of murine T cell-replacing factor (TRF) and B cell growth factor II (BCGF II). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (in press)

  50. Gordon J, Ley SC, Melamed MD, English LS, Hughes-Jones NC: Immortalized B lymphocytes produce B-cell growth factor. Nature 310:145–147, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  51. Muraguchi A, Nishimoto H, Kawamura N, Hori A, Kishimoto T: B cell-derived BCGF functions as autocrine growth factor(s) in normal and transformed B lymphocytes. J Immunol 137:179–186, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  52. Kawamura N, Muraguchi A, Hori A, Horii Y, Mutsuura S, Hardy RR, Kikutani H, Kishimoto T: A case of human B cell leukemia that implicates an autocrine mechanism in the abnormal growth of Leu 1 B cells. J Clin Invest 78:1331–1338, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  53. Ambrus JL, Jurgensen CH, Brown EJ, Fauci AS: Purification to homogeneity of a high molecular weight human B cell growth factor: Demonstration of specific binding to activated B cells and development of a monoclonal antibody to the factor. J Exp Med 162:1319–1335, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  54. Ohara J, Paul WE: Receptors for B-cell stimulatory factor-1 expressed on cells of haematopoietic lineage. Nature 325:537–540, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  55. Sher I: The CBA/N mouse strain. A experimental model illustrating the influence of the X-chromosome on immunity. Adv Immunol 33:1

  56. Yakura H, Kawabata I, Ashida T, Shen FW, Katagiri M: A role of Lyb-2 in B cell activation mediated by a B cell stimulatory factor. J Immunol 137:1475–1481, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  57. Mishra GC, Berton MT, Oliver KG, Krammer PH, Uhr JW, Vitetta ES: A monoclonal anti-mouse LFA-1α antibody mimics the biological effects of B cell stimulatory factor-1 (BSF1). J Immunol 137:1590–1598, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  58. Gordon J, Webb AJ, Walker L, Guy GR, Rowe M: Evidence for an association between CD23 and the receptor for a low molecular weight B cell growth factor. Eur J Immunol (in press), 1987

  59. Bernard A, Bernstein I, Boumsell L,et al.: Differentiation human leukocyte antigens. A proposed nomenclature. Immunol Today 5:158–159, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  60. Kitner C, Sugden B: Identification of antigenic determinants unique to the surfaces of cells transformed by Epstein-Barr virus. Nature 294:458–460, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  61. Thorley-Lawson DA, Nadler LM, Bhan AK, Schooley RT: Blast-2 (EBVCS), an early cell surface marker of human B cell activation, is superinduced by Epstein Barr virus. J Immunol 134:3007–3012, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  62. Wang F, Gregory CD, Rowe M, Rickinson AB, Wang D, Birkenbach M, Kikutani H, Kishimoto T, Kieff E: Epstein-Barr virus nuclear protein 2 specifically induces expression of the B cell activation antigen, CD23. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (in press), 1987

  63. Yukawa K, Kikutani H, Owaki H, Yamasaki K, Yokota A, Nakamura H, Barsumian EL, Hardy RR, Suemura M, Kishimoto T: A B cell specific differentiation antigen, CD23, is a receptor for IgE (FcεR) on lymphocytes. J Immunol 138:2576, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  64. Suemura M, Kikutani H, Barsumian EL, Hattori Y, Kishimoto S, Sato R, Maeda A, Nakamura H, Owaki H, Hardy RR, Kishimoto T: Monoclonal anti-Fcε receptor antibodies with different specificities and studies on the expression of Fce receptors on human B and T cells. J Immunol 137:1214–1220, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  65. Kikutani H, Inui S, Sato R, Barsumian EL, Owaki H, Yamasaki K, Kaisho T, Uchibayashi N, Hardy RR, Hirano T, Tsunasawa S, Sakiyama F, Suemura M, Kishimoto T: Molecular structure of human lymphocyte receptor for immunoglobulin E. Cell 47:657–665, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  66. Kikutani H, Suemura M, Owaki H, Nakamura H, Sato R, Yamasaki K, Barsumian EL, Hardy RR, Kishimoto T: Fce receptor, a specific differentiation marker transiently expressed on mature B cells prior to the isotype switching. J Exp Med 164:1455–1469, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  67. Maruyama M, Shibuya H, Harada H, Hatakeyama M, Seiki M, Fujita T, Inoue J, Yoshia M, Taniguchi T: Evidence for aberrant activation of the interleukin-2 autocrine loop by HTLV-1-encoded p40x and T3/Ti complex triggering. Cell 48:343–350, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  68. Chen ZZ, Coggeshall KM, Cambier JC: Translocation of protein kinase C during membrane immunoglobulin-mediated transmembrane signaling in lymphocytes. J Immunol 136:2300–2304, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  69. Weiss A, Imboden J, Hardy K, Hanger B, Terhorst C, Stobo J: The role of the T3/antigen receptor complex in T cell activation. Annu Rev Immunol 4:593–619, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  70. Maino VC, Hayman MJ, Crumpton MJ: Relationship between enhanced turnover of phosphatidylinositol and lymphocyte activation by mitogen. Biochem J 146:247–252, 1975

    Google Scholar 

  71. Monroe JG, Neidel JE, Cambier JC: B cell activation. IV. Induction of cell membrane depolarization and hyper I-A expression by phorbol diesters suggests a role for protein kinase C in murine B lymphocyte activation. J Immunol 132:1472–1478, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  72. Bertoglio JH: Monocyte-independent stimulation of human B lymphocyte by phorbol myristate acetate. J Immunol 131:2279–2281, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  73. Nishizuka Y: Turnover of inositol phospholipids and signal transduction. Science 225:1365–1370, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  74. Pozzan T, Arslan P, Tsien RY, Rink TJ: Anti-immunoglobulin, cytoplasmic free calcium, and capping in B lymphocytes. J Cell Biol 94:335–340, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  75. Ransom JT, DiGiusto DL, Cambier JCL: Single cell analysis of calcium mobilization in anti-receptor antibody stimulated B lymphocytes. J Immunol 136:54–57, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  76. Ransom J, DiGiusto D, Cambier JC: Evidence for the release of intracellular Ca++ stores and increased Ca++ influx in anti-immunoglobulin stimulated lymphocytes. J Immunol (in press), 1987

  77. Mizuguchi J, Beaven MA, Ohara J, Paul WE: BSF1 action on resting B cells does not require elevation of inositol phospholipid metabolism or increased (Ca2+). J Immunol 137:2215–2219, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  78. Cambier JC, Ransom JT: Early events in B lymphocyte activation. Annu Rev Immunol 5:175, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  79. Mond JJ, Carman J, Sarma C, Ohara J, Finkelman FD: 355-1 suppresses B cell-stimulatory factor 1 induction of class II MHC determinants on B cells. J Immunol 137:3534, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  80. Coffman RL, Ohara J, Bond MW, Carty J, Zlotnick E, Paul WE: B cell stimulatory factor 1 enhances the IgE response of lipopolysaccharide-activated B cells. J Immunol 136:4538–4541, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  81. Finkelman FD, Katona I, Urban JF, Snapper CM, Ohara J, Paul WE: Suppression of in vivo polyclonal IgE responses by monoclonal antibody to the lymphokine BSF1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:9675, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  82. Mosmann TR, Cherwinski H, Bond MW, Giedlin MA, Coffman RL: Two types of murine helper T cell clone. I. Definition according to profiles of lymphokine activities and secreted proteins. J Immunol 136:2348–2357, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  83. Kishimoto T, Ishizaka K: Regulation of antibody response in vitro. VI. Carrier-specific helper cells for IgG and IgE antibody response. J Immunol 111:720–732, 1973

    Google Scholar 

  84. Suemura M, Ishizaka A, Kobatake S, Sugimura K, Maeda K, Nakanishi K, Kishimoto S, Yamamura Y, Kishimoto T: Inhibition of IgE production in B hybridomas by IgE class-specific suppressor factor from T hybridomas. J Immunol 130:1056–1060, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  85. Hirashima M, Yodoi J, Isahizaka K: Regulatory role of IgE-binding factors from rat T lymphocytes. III. IgE-specific suppressive factors with IgE-binding activity. J Immunol 125:1442–1448, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  86. Martens CL, Jardieu P, Trounstine ML, Stuart SG, Ishizaka K, Moore KW: Potentiating and suppressive IgE-binding factors are expressed by a single cloned gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:809–813, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  87. Sutton MGSJ, Mercier L, Giuliani ER, Lie JT: Mayo Clin Proc 55:371–376, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  88. Al-Balaghi S, Ström H, Möller E: B cell differentiation factor in synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol Rev 78:7–23, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  89. Hirose T, Hara M, Kitani A, Hirose W, Norioka K, Kawagoe M, Nakamura H: Abnormal production of and response to B-cell growth factor and B-cell differentiation factor in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Scand J Immunol 21:141–150, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  90. Martinez-Cordero E, Alcocer-Varela J, Alarcon-Segovia D: Stimulating and differentiation factors for human B lymphocytes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Immunol 65:598–604, 1986

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Osaka University, 1-3, Yamada-Oka, 565, Suita City, Osaka, Japan

    Tadamitsu Kishimoto

Authors
  1. Tadamitsu Kishimoto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kishimoto, T. B-cell stimulatory factors (BSFs): Molecular structure, biological function, and regulation of expression. J Clin Immunol 7, 343–355 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00917012

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00917012

Key words

Search

Navigation