Explaining sex-related differences in mathematics: Theoretical models

Abstract

This set of papers synthesizes contemporary psychological research to identify and operationally specify major influences on abilities, interests, and skills in mathematics. Three models are then presented which hypothesize causation of the sex-related differences in mathematics that exist: (1) a four-factor model which explores mediating factors of autonomous learning behaviors which exist between socialization influences and learning; (2) a detailed socialization model of election of mathematics courses; and (3) a model of internal barriers which prevent females from fully developing mathematical skills. The models all suggest that causation of sex-related differences in mathematics are complex and multivariate. Social conditions affect the educational environment of a female as well as the personal belief system of each learner. Directions for research built on these models are indicated.