Abstract
Molybdenum single crystals are irradiated at 20 K with 6 MeV protons. The radiation damage and lattice defect annealing is studied by positron lifetime spectroscopy in the temperature range from 15 to 720 K. Loss of vacancies due to recombination with mobile interstitials is observed at 40 K (Stage I) in agreement with resistivity measurements. This is the first time Stage I is observed by positrons below 77 K. The implanted hydrogen decorates the vacancies around 100 K, which is consistent with a hydrogen migration energy in molybdenum:E H M = 0.3–0.4 eV. Clustering of spatially correlated vacancies takes place in a wide temperature region below the usual vacancy clustering stage (Stage III). Stage III is observed at rather low temperatures (400–480 K) due to the very high vacancy concentration. Hydrogen bound to vacancies and vacancy clusters is released above 540 K, which puts an upper limit to the hydrogen binding energy:E H B ≦1.4 eV. The present work emphasizes the advantage of employing a vacancy sensitive technique to study hydrogen in metals, where its intrinsic solubility is low. In such metals (as molybdenum) both the effective solubility and the effective mobility of hydrogen are strongly influenced by the presence of vacancies.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
J. Völkl, G. Alefeld: InDiffusion in Solids: Recent Developments, ed. by A. S. Nowick, J. J. Burton (Academic Press, New York 1975) pp. 231–302
S.T. Picraux: Nucl. Instrum. Methods182/183, 413 (1981)
W. Möller: Nucl. Instrum. Methods209/210, 773 (1983)
G. Alefeld, J. Völkl (eds.):Hydrogen in Metals, Topics Appl. Phys.28 and29 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1978)
P. Hautojärvi (ed.):Positrons in Solids, Topics Current Phys.12 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1979)
W. Brandt, A. Dupasquier (eds.): Proc. Intern. School of Physics “Enrico Fermi”, Positron Solid-State Physics (North-Holland, Amsterdam 1983)
A. Vehanen, P. Hautojärvi, J. Johansson, J. Yli Kauppila, P. Moser: Phys. Rev. B25, 762 (1982)
B. Nielsen, A. van Veen, L.M. Caspers, H.A. Filius, H.E. Hansen, K. Petersen: InProc. 6th Intern. Conf. on Positron Annihilation, ed. by P.G. Coleman, S. C. Sharma, L. M. Diana (North-Holland, Amsterdam 1982) p. 438
H.E. Hansen, B. Nielsen, G. Trumpy, K. Petersen: [Ref. 8, In p. 435]
M.J. Puska, R.M. Nieminen: J. Phys. F12, L211 (1982) and13, 333 (1983)
H.E. Hansen, R.M. Nieminen, M.J. Puska: J. Phys. F14, 1299 (1984)
S. Mantl: InProc. Natl. Symp. on Positron Annihilation at Delhi India, ed. by P.C. Jain, R. M. Singru (South Asian Publishers, New Delhi, Madras 1979) Chap. 8
B. Lengeler, S. Mantl, W. Triftshäuser: J. Phys. F8, 1691 (1978) (Cu)
P. Hautojärvi, H. Huomo, P. Saariaho, A. Vehanen, J. Yli-Kauppila: J. Phys. F13, 1415 (1983) (Nb) and to be published (Ta)
B. Nielsen, H.K. Nielsen, M. Bentzon, H.E. Hansen, G. Trumpy, K. Petersen: To be published (Fe and Mo)
P. Kirkegaard, M. Eldrup, O.E. Mogensen, N.J. Pedersen: Comp. Phys. Commun.23, 307 (1981)
U. Littmark, J.F. Ziegler:Range Distributions for Energetic Ions in all Elements (Pergamon Press, New York 1977)
S. Linderoth, H.E. Hansen, B. Nielsen, K. Petersen: Appl. Phys. A33, 25 (1984)
H.E. Hansen, S. Linderoth, W. Wierzchowski, K. Petersen: Appl. Phys. A27, 247 (1982)
G. Antesberger, K. Sonnenberg: Radiat. Eff.38, 239 (1978)
H.E. Hansen, B. Nielsen, K. Petersen: Radiat. Eff.77, 1 (1983)
F. Maury, P. Vajda, M. Biget, A. Lucasson, P. Lucasson: Radiat. Eff.25, 175 (1975)
H. Kugler, I.A. Schwirtlich, S. Takaki, U. Ziebart, H. Schulz: InPoint Defects and Defect Interactions in Metals, ed. by J. Takamura, M. Doyama, M. Kiritani (University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo 1982) p. 183
R.R. Coltman, Jr., C.E. Klabunde, J.K. Redman: InFundamental Aspects of Radiation Damage in Metals (Gatlinburg, TN 1975, USERDA Conf. — 751006-P1) p. 445
G. Antesberger, H. Schroeder, K. Sonnenberg, U. Dedek: As [Ref. 23, p. 575]
K. Petersen, N. Thrane, R.M.J. Cotterill: Philos. Mag.29, 9 (1974)
M. Eldrup, O. Mogensen, J.H. Evans: J. Phys. F6, 499 (1976)
H.E. Hansen, M. Eldrup, S. Linderoth, B. Nielsen, K. Petersen: As [Ref. 8,In p. 432]
M. Eldrup, B.T.A. McKee, A.T. Stewart: J. Phys. F9, 637 (1979)
J.A. Brenkman: J. Appl. Phys.25, 961 (1953)
B.T.A. McKee, T. McMullen: J. Phys. F8, 1175 (1978)
M.J. Stott, R.N. West: J. Phys. F8, 635 (1978)
L.C. Smedskjær, M. Manninen, M.J. Fluss: J. Phys. F10, 2237 (1980)
B. Pagh, H.E. Hansen, B. Nielsen, G. Trumpy, K. Petersen: Appl. Phys. A33, 255 (1984)
N. Thrane, K. Petersen, J.H. Evans: Appl. Phys.12, 187 (1977)
J. Böttiger, S.T. Picraux, N. Rud, T. Laursen: J. Appl. Phys.48, 920 (1977)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hansen, H.E., Talja, R., Rajainmäki, H. et al. Positron studies of hydrogen-defect interactions in proton irradiated molybdenum. Appl. Phys. A 36, 81–92 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00620613
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00620613