References
Bacterial Vaccines: R Germanier (ed.) Academic Press Inc. 1984.
Mestecky, J and McGhee, JR: Immunoglobulin A(IgA): molecular and cellular interactions involved in IgA biosynthesis and immune response. Adv.Immunol. 40, 153–244, 1987.
Levine, MM, Kaper, JB, Black, RE and Clements, ML: New knowledge on pathogenesis of bacterial enteric infection as applied to vaccine development. Microbiol.Rev. 47, 510–550, 1983.
Black, RE, Levine, MM, Clements, ML, Young, CR, Svennerholm, A-M and Holmgren, J: Protective efficacy in humans of killed whole-vibrio oral cholera vaccine with and without the B subunit of cholera toxin. Infect.Immun. 55, 1116–1120, 1987.
Hornick, RB, Greisman, SE, Woodward, TE, DuPont, HL, Dawkins, AT and Snyder, MJ: Typhoid fever: pathogenesis and immunological control. New Eng.J.Med. 283, 739–746, 1970.
DuPont, HL, Hornick, RB, Snyder, MJ, Dawkins, AT, Heiner, GG and Woodward, TE: Studies of immunity in typhoid fever: Protection induced by killed oral antigens or by primary infection. Bull. W.H.O. 44, 667–672,1971.
Chuttani, CS, Prakash, K, Vergese, A, Sharma, U, Singha, P and Ghosh, Ray B: Effectiveness of oral killed typhoid vaccine. Bull, W.H.O. 45, 445–450, 1971.
Chuttani, CS, Prakash, K, Gupta, P, Grover, V and Kumar, A: Controlled field trial of a high-dose oral killed typhoid vaccine in India. Bull. W.H.O. 55, 643–644, 1977.
Holmgren, J and Svenmerholm, A-M: Cholera and the immune response. Progr.Allergy. 33, 106-, 1983.
Collins, FM: Vaccines and cell-mediated immunity. Bacteriol.Rev. 38, 371–402, 1974.
Reitman, M: Infectivity and antigenicity of streptomycin-dependent Salmonella typhosa. J.Infect.Dis. 117, 101–107, 1967.
Germanier, R and Furer, E: Isolation and characterization of galE mutant Ty21a of Salmonella typhi: a candidate strain for a live oral typhoid vaccine. J.Infect.Dis. 131, 553–558, 1975.
Gilman, RH, Hornick, RB, Woodward, WE, DuPont, HL, Snyder, MJ, Levine, MM and Libonati, JP: Evaluation of a UDP galactose-4-epimeraseless mutant of Salmonella typhi as a live oral vaccine. J.Infect.Dis. 136, 717–723, 1977.
Wahdan, MH, Serie, C, Cerisier, Y, Sallam, S and Germanier, R: A controlled field trial of live Salmonella typhi Ty21a oral vaccine against typhoid: three-year results. J.Infect.Dis. 145, 292–295, 1982.
Levine MM, Ferreccio C, Black RE, Germanier R and Chilean Typhoid Committee: Large-scale field trial of Ty21a live oral typhoid vaccine in enteric-coated capsule formulation. Lancet (i), 1049–1052, 1987.
Hone, DM, Attridge, SR, Forrest, B, Morona, R, Daniels, D, LaBrooy, JT, Bartholomeusz, RCA, Sheerman, DJC and Hackett, J: A galE via (Vi antigen-negative) mutant of Salmonella typhi Ty2 retains virulence in humans. Infect.Immun. 56, 1326–1333, 1988.
Bacon, GA, Burrows, TW and Yates, M: The effects of biochemical mutation on the virulence of Bacterium typhosum: the virulence of mutants. Br.J.Exp.Pathol. 31, 714–724, 1950.
Bacon, GA, Burrows, TW and Yates, M: The effects of biochemical mutation on the virulence of Bacterium typhosum: the loss of virulence of certain mutants. Br.J.Exp.Pathol. 32, 85–96, 1951.
Hoiseth, SK and Stocker, BAD: Aromatic-dependent Salmonella typhimurium are non-virulent and effective as live vaccines. Nature 291, 238–239, 1981.
Stocker, BAD, Hoiseth, SK and Smith, BP: Aromatic-dependent Salmonella spp. as live vaccines in mice and calves. Dev.Biol.Stand. 53, 47–54, 1983.
Smith, BP, Reina-Guerra, M, Hoiseth, SK, Stocker, BAD, Habasha, F, Johnson, E and Merritt, F: Aromatic-dependent Salmonella typhimurium as modified live vaccines for calves. Am.J.Vet.Res. 45, 59–66, 1984.
Mukkur, TKS, McDowell, GH, Stocker, BAD and Lascelles, AK: Protection against salmonellosis in mice and sheep by immunization with aromatic-dependent Salmonella typhimurium. J.Med.Microbiol. 24, 11–19, 1987.
Dougan, G., Maskell, D., Pickard and Hormaeche, CE: Isolation of stable aroA mutants of Salmonella typhi Ty2: Properties and preliminary characterization in mice. Mol.Gen.Genet. 207, 402–405, 1987.
Stocker, BAD: Auxotrophic Salmonella typhi as live vaccine. Vaccine 6, 141–145, 1988.
Levine, MM, Herrington, D, Murphy, JR, Morris, JG, Losonsky, G, Tall, B, Lindberg, AA, Svenson, S, Baqar, S, Edwards, MF and Stocker, B: Safety, infectivity, immunogenicity, and in vivo stability of two attenuated auxotrophic mutant strains of Salmonella typhi, 541 Ty and 543 Ty, as live oral vaccines in humans. J.Clin.Invest. 79, 888–902, 1987.
O'Callaghan, D, Maskell, D, Liew, FY, Easmon, CSF and Dougan, G: Characterization of aromatic-and purine-dependent Salmonella typhimurium: attenuation, persistence and ability to induce protective immunity in BALB/c mice. Infect.Immun. 56, 419–423, 1988.
Dougan G, Chatfield S, Pickard D, O'Callaghan D and Maskell D: Construction and characterization of Salmonella vaccine strains harbouring mutations in two different aro genes. J.Infect.Dis. (in press).
Miller IA, Chatfield S, Dougan G, DeSilva L, Joysey HS and Hormaeche CE: Bacteriophage P22 as a vehicle for transducing cosmid gene banks between smooth strains of Salmonella typhimurium: use in identifying a role for aroD in attenuating virulent Salmonella strains. (Submitted).
Curtiss III, R and Kelly, SM: Salmonella typhimurium deletion mutants lacking adenylate cyclase and cyclic AMP receptor protein are avirulent and immunogenic. Infect.Immun. 55, 3035–3043, 1987.
Clements, JD and El-Morshidy, S: Construction of a potential live oral bivalent vaccine for typhoid fever and cholera-Escherichia coli related diarrhoea. Infect.Immun. 46, 564–569, 1984.
Formal, SB, Baron, LS, Kopecko, DJ, Washington, O, Powell, C and Life, CA: Construction of a potential bivalent vaccine strain: introduction of Shigella sonnei form 1 antigen genes into the galE S.typhi Ty21a typhoid vaccine strain. Infect.Immun. 34, 746–750, 1981.
Baron, LS, Kopecko, DJ, Formal, SB, Seid, R, Guerry, P and Powell, C: Introduction of Shigella flexneri 2a type and group antigen genes into oral typhoid vaccine strain Salmonella typhi Ty21a. Infect.Immun. 55, 2797–2801, 1987.
Black, RE, Levine, MJ, Clements, ML, Losonsky, G, Herrington, D, Berman, S and Formal, SB: Prevention of shigellosis by a Salmonella typhi-Shigella sonnei bivalent vaccine. J.Infect.Dis. 155, 1260–1265, 1987.
Maskell, D, Sweeney, KJ, O'Callaghan, D, Hormaeche, CE, Liew, FY and Dougan, G: Salmonella typhimurium aroA mutants as carriers of the Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit to the murine secretory and systemic immune systems. Microb.Pathogen. 2, 211–221, 1987.
Clements, JD, Lyon, FL, Lowe, KL, Farrand, AL and El-Morshidy, S: Oral immunization of mice with attenuated Salmonella enteritidis containing a recombinant plasmid which codes for production of the B subunit of heat labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli. Infect.Immun. 53, 685–692, 1986.
Sadoff, JC, Ballou, WR, Baron, LS, Majarian, WR, Brey, RN, Hockmeyer, WT, Young, JF, Cryz, JJ, Ou, J, Lowell, GH and Chulay, JD: Oral Salmonella typhimurium vaccine expresing circumsporozoite protein protects against malaria. Science 240, 236–240, 1988
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Dougan, G., Maskell, D., O'Callaghan, D. et al. Oral vaccination. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 54, 447–451 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00461863
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00461863