Skip to main content
Log in

The effects of chlordiazepoxide on a delayed pair comparison task in pigeons

  • Original Investigations
  • Published:
Psychopharmacology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Five pigeons were successfully taught a variation of the Konorski delayed pair comparison task, using a red and a green stimulus. The bird was required to respond to the left or right hand key, depending on whether the 2 successively presented centre key stimuli were the same (left) or different (right). The delay intervals ranged from zero to 9 s, and stable performance decrements (with increasing delay) were obtained.

Chlordiazepoxide which, it has been argued, produces behavioural changes similar to those observed after hippocampal lesions was found to disrupt performance at doses greater than 4 mg/kg (i.m.). All delays (including zero) were affected. Some interpretations of this result in terms of encoding and attention are discussed, and some reference made to the possible neuropharmacological basis of this drug action.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alexinsky, T., Chapoutheir, G.: Nature des perturbations mnésiques induites par la narcose au fluothane chez le rat. J. Physiol. 73, 27A (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Banks, W. P.: Signal detection theory and human memory. Psychol. Bull. 74, 81–99 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Blough, D. S.: Delayed matching in the pigeon. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 2, 151–160 (1959)

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, P., Jenkins, J.: Autoshaping of the pigeons key peck. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 11, 1–8 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, C. R.: Is there a memory impairment in monkeys after inferotemporal lesions? Brain Res. 13, 383–393 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cordeau, J. P., Mahut, H.: Some long-term effects of temporal lobe resections on auditory and visual discrimination in monkeys. Brain 87, 177–190 (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  • Corrodi, H., Fuxe, K., Lidbrink, P., Olson, L.: Minor tranquillizers, stress and central catecholamine neurons. Brain Res. 29, 1–16 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cumming, W. W., Berryman, R.: The complex discriminated operant: studies of matching-to-sample and related problems. In: Stimulus generalization, D. I. Mostofsky, ed., pp. 284–330. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1965

    Google Scholar 

  • D'Amato, M. R., O'Neill, W.: Effect of delay interval illumination on matching behaviour in the capuchin monkey. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 15, 327–333 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dean, P.: Effects of inferotemporal lesions on the behaviour of monkeys. Psychol. Bull. 83, 41–71 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, R. J.: The hippocampus and behaviour. Psychol. Bull. 67, 416–442 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferster, C. B., Skinner, B. F.: Schedules of reinforcement. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts 1957

    Google Scholar 

  • Frey, P. W., Colliver, J. A.: Sensitivity and responsitivity measures for discrimination learning. Learning and Motivation 4, 327–342 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaffan, D.: Loss of recognition memory in rats with lesions of the fornix. Neuropsychologia 10, 327–341 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaffan, D.: Recognition impaired and association intact in the memory of monkeys after transection of the fornix. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 86, 1100–1109 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaffan, D.: Recognition memory in animals. In: Recognition and Recall, J. Brown, ed., pp. 229–242 London: Wiley 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaffan, D.: Recognition memory after short retention intervals in fornix-transected monkeys. Quart. J. Exp. Psychol. 29, 577–588 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, J. A.: Drug effects of fear and frustration. In: Handbook of psychopharmacology, Vol. 8, L. L. Iversen, S. D. Iversen, and S. H. Snyder, eds., pp. 433–529. New York: Plenum Press 1977

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, J. A., McNaughton, N., James, D. T. D., Kelly, P. H.: Effect of minor tranquillizers on hippocampal theta rhythm mimicked by depletion of forebrain noradrenaline. Nature (Lond.) 258, 424–425 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Huppert, F. A., Piercy, M.: Recognition memory in amnesic patients: a defect of acquisition. Neuropsychologia 15, 643–653 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Iversen, S. D.: Do hippocampal lesions produce amnesia in animals? In: International review of neurobiology, Vol. 19, C. C. Pfeiffer and J. R. Smythies, eds., pp. 1–49 New York: Academic Press 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Iversen, S. D.: Temporal lobe amnesia. In: Amnesia, C. W. M. Whitty and O. L. Zangwill, eds., pp. 136–182. London: Butterworths 1977

    Google Scholar 

  • Iwahara, S.: Effects of drug-state changes upon two-way shuttle avoidance responses in rats, treated with chlordiazepoxide or placebo. Jap. J. Res. 13, 207–218 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Iwahara, S., Sugimura, T.: Effect of chlordiazepoxide on black-white discrimination acquisition and reversal in white rats. (In Japanese with an English abstract) Jap. J. Psychol. 41, 142–150 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Iwahara, S., Oishi, H., Yamazaki, S., Sakai, K.: Effects of chlordiazepoxide upon spontaneous alternation and the hippocampal electrical activity in white rats. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 24, 496–507 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Iwasaki, T., Ezawa, K., Iwahara, S.: Differential effects of chlordiazepoxide on simultaneous and successive brightness discrimination learning in rats. Psychopharmacology 48, 75–78 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Jarrard, L. E., Moise, S. L.: Short-term memory in the monkey. In: Cognitive processes of non-human primates. L. E. Jarrard, ed., pp. 1–24. New York: Academic Press 1971

    Google Scholar 

  • Jonckheere, A. R.: A test of significance for the relation between m rankings and k ranked categories. Brit. J. Statistic. Psychol. 7, 93–100 (1954)

    Google Scholar 

  • Konorski, J. A.: A new method of physiological investigation recent memory in animals. Bull. Acad. Polon. Sci. 7, 115–119 (1959)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kullback, S.: Information theory and statistics. New York: Dover 1968

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason, S. T., Iversen, S. D.: Effects of selective forebrain noradrenaline loss on behavioural inhibition in the rat. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 91, 165–173 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Milner, B.: Amnesia following operation on the temporal lobes. In: Amnesia, C. W. M. Whitty and O. L. Zangwill, eds., pp. 109–133. London: Butterworth 1966

    Google Scholar 

  • Nadel, L., O'Keefe, J. O.: The hippocampus in patches: an essay on modes of explanation in physiological psychology. In: Essays on the nervous system, a Festschrift for Professor J. Z. Young, R. Bellairs and E. G. Gray, eds., eds., pp. 367–390 Oxford: Clarendon Press 1974

    Google Scholar 

  • Norman, D. A.: What have the animal experiments taught us about human memory? In: The physiological basis of memory. J. A. Deutsch, ed., pp. 397–414. New York: Academic Press 1973

    Google Scholar 

  • Orbach, J., Milner, B., Rasmussen, T.: Learning and retention in monkeys after amygdala-hippocampus resection. Arch. Neurol. (Chic.) 3, 230–251 (1960)

    Google Scholar 

  • Owen, S., Boarder, M. R., Gray, J. A.: The effects of depletion of forebrain noradrenaline on the runway behaviour of rats. Abstract Exp. Brain Res. 29, R32–33 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, D. L. S., Price, H. T. C., Fibiger, H. C.: The dorsal tegmental noradrenergic projection: An analysis of its role in maze learning. J comp. physiol. Psychol. 90, 363–372 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Robbins, T. W.: A critique of the methods available for the measurement of spontaneous motor activity. In: Handbook of psychopharmacology, Vol. 7 L. L. Iversen, S. D. Iversen, and S. H. Snyder, eds., pp. 37–82. New York: Plenum Press 1977

    Google Scholar 

  • Sahgal, A., Iversen, S. D.: Categorisation and retrieval after selective inferotemporal lesions in monkeys. Brain Res. (in press 1978a)

  • Sahgal, A., Iversen, S. D.: The effects of foveal prestriate and inferotemporal lesions on matching to sample behaviour in monkeys. Neuropsychologia (in press 1978b)

  • Scoville, W. B.: Amnesia after bilateral mesial temporal-lobe excision: introduction to case H. M.. Neuropsychologia 6, 211–213 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Scoville, W. B., Milner, B.: Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 20, 11–21 (1957)

    Google Scholar 

  • Segal, M., Bloom, F. E.: The action of norepinephrine in the rat hippocampus IV. The effects of locus coeruleus stimulation on evoked hippocampal unit activity. Brain Res. 107, 513–525 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Shimp, C. P., Moffitt, M.: Short term memory in the pigeon: delayedpair-comparison procedures and some results. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 28, 13–25 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, S.: Nonparametric statistics. New York: McGraw-Hill 1966

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, D. M.: Repeated acquisition of response sequences: stimulus control and drugs. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 23, 429–436 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tye, N. C., Sahgal, A., Iversen, S. D.: Benzodiazepines and discrimination behaviour: dissociation of response and sensory factors. Psychopharmacology 52, 191–194 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Warrington, E. K., Taylor, A. M.: Immediate memory for faces: long- or short-term memory? Qart. J. Exp. Psychol. 25, 316–322 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Warrington, E. K., Weiskrantz, L.: An analysis of short-term and long-term memory defects in man. In: The physiological basis of memory, J. A. Deutsch, ed., pp. 365–395. New York: Academic Press 1973

    Google Scholar 

  • Wasserman, E. A.: Successive matching-to-sample in the pigeon: variations on a theme by Konorski. Behav. Res. Meth. Inst. 8, 278–282 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wedeking, P. W.: Disinhibition effect of chlordiazepoxide. Psychon. Sci. 15, 232–233 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinstein, B.: Matching-from-sample by rhesus monkeys and by children. J. comp. Psychol. 31, 195–213 (1941)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wickelgren, W. A.: Sparing of short-term memory in an amnesic patient: implications for strength theory of memory. Neuropyychologia 6, 235–244 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Sahgal, A., Iversen, S.D. The effects of chlordiazepoxide on a delayed pair comparison task in pigeons. Psychopharmacology 59, 57–64 (1978). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00428031

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00428031

Key words

Navigation