Conclusion
The discovery of chemotherapeutic agents brought remarkable progress to the practice of medicine and to human and animal hygiene. In addition, improved sanitation and preventive medicine have protected human beings from infectious diseases caused by known pathogenic bacteria. As a result, the types of bacteria that play leading roles in infectious diseases have changed. These microoganisms readily cause infection, they are parasitic, and they carry multiple drug resistance as a result of the use of chemotherapeutic agents. Thus, mutiply resistant organisms have become prevalent and particular strains have become stabilized in hospitals and farms.
The presence of conjugative (R) and nonconjugative (r) resistance plasmids in these bacterial strains has compounded the problems for the practice of medicine, livestock hygiene, and the fish culture industry. Rapid acquisition of drug resistance by bacteria and delays in finding new drugs have created new biological hazards for human beings.
The discovery of resistance plasmids opened new research fields in genetics and molecular biology; it became clear that multiply resistant bacteria could develop quickly and spread rapidly all over the world. The genes governing replication, self-regulation, conjugal transmission and drug resistance, including transposon, are the most fascinating problems in biology. And the prevalence of drug resistance plasmids has broadened our perspective on the role that genetic exchanges play in the natural history of bacterial species.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ochiai, K., Yamanaka, K., Kimura, K. and Sawada, O., 1959. Nihon Iji Shimpo No. 1861, 34–46.
Akiba, T., Koyama, T., Isshiki, Y., Kimura, S. and Fukushima, T., 1960. Nihon Iji Shimpo No. 1886, 45–50.
Davis, B. D., 1950. J. Bacteriol. 60, 507–508.
Mitsuhashi, S., Harada, K. and Hashimoto, H., 1960. Japan. J. Exp. Med. 30, 179–184.
Mitsuhashi, S., Hashimoto, H., Harada, K., Suzuki, M., Kameda, M. and Matsuyama, T., 1960 Japan. J. Bacteriol 15, 844–848.
Mitsuhashi, S., Harada, K. and Kameda, M., 1960. Tokyo Iji Shinshi 77, 462.
Mitsuhashi, S., Harada, K. and Kameda, M., 1961. Nature 189, 947.
Mitsuhashi, S., 1960. Science (Tokyo) 30, 628–633.
Mitsuhashi, S., 1977 in R factor-Drug Resistance Plasmid (Mitsuhashi, S., editor) pp 3–48, University of Tokyo Press; University Park Press, Tokyo, Baltimore, and London.
Mitsuhashi, S., 1979 in Epidemiology of Bacterial Resistance (Mitsuhashi, S., editor) pp 6–15, Kodansha; Academic Press, Tokyo and New York.
Mitsuhashi, S., 1979 ibid. pp. 83–90.
Mitsuhashi, S., Morimura, M., Kono, M. and Oshima, H., 1963 J. Bacteriol. 86, 162–163.
Mitsuhashi, S., Hashimoto, H., Kono, M., and Morimura, M., 1965 J. Bacteriol. 89, 988–992.
Novick, R. P., 1963 J. Gen. Microbiol. 33, 121–136.
Mitsuhashi, S., Oshima, H., Kawarada, U. and Hashimoto, H., 1965 J. Bacteriol. 89, 967–976.
Mitsuhashi, S., Inoue, M., Kawabe, H., Oshima, H. and Okubo, T., 1973 in Staphylococci and Staphylococcal Infections (Jeljaszewicz, J. editor) pp 144–165, Karger, Basel.
Inoue, M., Okubo, T., Oshima, H. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1975. in Microbial drug resistance (Mitsuhashi, S. and Hashimoto, H. editors) pp 153–164, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo and University Park Press, Baltimore and London.
Inoue, M. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1979. in Epidemiology of Bacterial Resistance (Mitsuhashi, S., editor) pp 19–29, Kodansha and Academic Press, Tokyo and New York.
Nakae, M., Inoue, M. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1976. Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother. 7, 719–720.
Courvalin, P., Calier, C. and Chabbert, Y., 1972. Ann. Inst. Pasteur (Paris) 123, 755–759.
Clewell, D. B., Yagi, Y., Dunny, G. and Schultz, S., 1974 J. Bacteriol. 117, 283–289.
Yagi, Y. and Clewell, D. B., 1976 J. Mol. Biol. 102, 583–600.
Yagi, Y. and Clewell, D. B., 1977 J. Bacteriol. 129, 400–406.
Dunny, G., Birch, N., Hascall, G. and Clewell, D. B., 1973 J. Bacteriol. 114, 1362–1364.
Lovett, P. S. and Bramucci, M. G., 1975 J. Bacteriol. 124, 484–490.
Bernhard, K., Schrempf, H. and Goebel, W., 1978. J. Bacteriol. 133, 897–903.
Saito, T., Fuse, A., Inoue, M. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1979. J. Bacteriol. in press.
Smith, H. R., Humphrey, G. O. and Anderson, E. S., 1974. Mol. Gen. Genet. 129, 229–242.
Brath, P. and Grinter, N. J., 1974. J. Bacteriol. 120, 618–630.
Mitsuhashi, S., Inoue, K. and Inoue, M., 1977 Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 12, 418–422.
Inoue, M., Inoue, K. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1979. J. Bacteriol. in press.
Nakahara, H., Ishikawa, T., Saraai, Y. Kono, I. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1977. Nature 266, 165–167.
Terakado, S., Ike, Y. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1979. in Epidemiology of Bacterial Resistance (Mitsuhashi, S., editor) pp 91–114, Kodansha; Academic Press, Tokyo and New York.
Mitsuhashi, S., 1977. in R factor-Drug Resistance Plasmid (Mitsuhashi, S., editor) pp 37–48, University of Tokyo Press; University Park Press, Tokyo, Baltimore, and London.
Harada, K. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1977. in R factor-Drug Resistance Plasmid (Mitsuhashi, S., editor) pp 135–160, University of Tokyo Press; University Park Press, Tokyo, Baltimore, and London.
Harada, K., Kameda, M., Suzuki, M., Kakinuma, Y. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1961. Gunma J. Med. Sci. 10, 201–205.
Willets, N. S., 1977. in R factor-Drug Resistance Plasmid (Mitsuhashi, S., editor) pp 89–107, University of Tokyo Press; University Park Press, Tokyo, Baltimore, and London.
Curtiss III, R., 1977. ibid, pp 109–134.
Rownd, R. H. and Womble, D. D., 1977. ibid, pp 161–194.
Hashimoto, H. and Hirota, Y., 1966. J. Bacteriol. 91, 51–62.
Hashimoto, H. and Mitsuashi, S., 1970. Prog. Antimicrob. Anticancer Chemoth. 2, 545–551, Univ. of Tokyo Press, Tokyo.
Hashimoto, H. and Mitsuashi, S., 1966. J. Bacteriol. 92, 1351–1356.
Hashimoto, H., Tanaka, T. and Mitsuashi, S., 1973. Japan. J. Microbiol. 17, 331–337.
Ohtsubo, H. and Ohtsubo, E., 1977. in DNA Insertion Elements, Plasmids and Episomes (Bukhari, A. L, Shapire, J. A. and Adhya, S. L., editors) pp 49–63, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York.
Katsumata, R., Hashimoto, H. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1979. Microbiol. Immunol. in press.
Ike, Y., Hashimoto, H. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1977. in Plasmids (Mitsuhashi, S., Rosival, L. and Krcmery, V., editors) pp 277–283, Avicenum, Prague.
Iyobe, S., Hashimoto, H. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1970. Japan. J. Microbiol. 14, 463–471.
Miki, T., Easton, A. M. and Rownd, R. H., 1978. Molec. Gen. Genet. 158, 217–224.
Mitsuhashi, S., Harada, K., Hashimoto, H., Kameda, M. and Suzuki, M., 1962. J. Bacteriol. 84, 9–16.
Watanabe, H., Ike, Y., Hashimoto, H. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1979. Microbial drug resistance (Mitsuhashi, S., editor) in press, Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo.
Hashimoto, H. and Rownd, R. H., 1975. J. Bacteriol. 123, 56–68.
Rownd, R. H., 1979. Microbial drug resistance. (Mitsuhashi, S., editor) in press, Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo.
Odakura, Y., Hashimoto, H. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1974. J. Bacteriol. 120, 1260–1267.
Yoshikawa, M., 1974. J. Bacteriol. 118, 1123–1131.
Harada, K., Kameda, M., Suzuki, M. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1963. J. Bacteriol. 86, 1332–1338.
Harada, K., Kameda, M., Suzuki, M. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1964. J. Bacteriol. 88, 1257–1265.
Kameda, M., Harada, K., Suzuki, M. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1965. J. Bacteriol. 90, 1174–1181.
Mitsuhashi, S., Kameda, M. Harada, K. and Suzuki, M., 1969. J. Bacteriol. 97, 1520–1521.
Anderson, E. S. and Natkin, E., 1972. Mol. Gen, Genet. 114, 261–265.
Mitsuhashi, S., 1971. in Ann. New York Acad. Sci. (Dulaney, E. L. and Laskin, A. L., editors) Vol. 182, pp 126–140, New York Acad. Sci., New York.
Mitsuhashi, S., 1977. in Transferable Drug Resistance Factor R (Mitsuhashi, S., editor) pp 74–87, University of Tokyo Press; University Park Press, Tokyo, Baltimore, and London.
Mitsuhashi, S., Hashimoto, H., Iyobe, S. and Inoue, M., 1977. in DNA, Insertion Elements, Plasmids, and Episomes (Bukhari, A. L, Shapiro, J. A., and Adhya, S. L., editors) pp 139–146, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York.
Kondo, E. and Mitsuashi, S., 1964. J. Bacteriol. 88, 1266–1276.
Kondo, E. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1966. J. Bacteriol. 91, 1787–1794.
Iyobe, S., Hashimoto, H. and Mitsuashi, S., 1970. Japan. J. Microbiol. 14, 463–471.
Inoue, M. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1976. Virology 72, 322–329.
Kameda, M., Suzuki, K. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1978. Microbiol. Immunol. 22, 173–180.
Sawai, Y., Hashimoto, H., Mitsuhashi, S. and Yamagishi, S., 1967. Japan. J. Microbiol. 11, 179–188.
Ooka, T., Hashimoto, H. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1970. Japan. J. Microbiol. 14, 123–128.
Odakura, Y., Tanaka, T., Hashimoto, H. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1972. Japan. J. Microbiol. 3, 315–324.
Odakura, Y., Hashimoto, H. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1974. J. Bacteriol. 120, 1260–1267.
Ike, Y., Hashimoto, H. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1976. in Plasmids-Medical and Theoritical Aspects. (Mitsuhashi, L., Rosival, L. and Krecmery, Vfi, editors) pp 277–283, Avicenum and Springer Verlag, Prague, Berlin, Heiderberg and New York.
Ike, Y., Hashimoto, H. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1979. Microbiol. Immunol. in press.
Yamamoto, T., Kato, R., Shimazu, A. and Yamagishi, A., 1979). J. Bacteriol. in press.
Nordoström, K., Ingram, L. C., and Lundback, A., 1972. J. Bacteriol. 110, 562–569.
Morris, C. F., Hashimoto, H., Mickel, S. and Rownd, R., 1974. J. Bacteriol. 118, 855–866.
Iyobe, S., Kono, M., Ohara, K., Hashimoto, H. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1974. Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother. 5, 68–74.
Goebel, W. and Bonewald, R., 1975. J. Bacteriol. 123, 658–665.
Mickel, S. and Bauer, W., 1976. J. Bacteriol. 127, 644–655.
Taylor, D. P., Greenberg, J. and Rownd, R. H., 1977. J. Bacteriol. 132, 986–995.
Hashimoto, H. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1970. Proceeding of the 6th International Congress of Chemotheraphy “Progress in Antimicrobial and Anticancer Chemotheraphy” pp. 546–551, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo.
Watanabe, H., Hashimoto, H. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1979. Genetical Research, in press.
Watanabe, H., Hashimoto, H. and Mitsuashi, S., 1979. J. Bacteriol. in press.
Rownd, R. and Michel, S., 1971. Nature (Lond) 234, 40–43.
Hashimoto, H. and Rownd, R., 1975. J. Bacteriol. 123, 56–68.
Tanaka, N., Cramer, J. H. and Rownd, R., 1976. J. Bacteriol. 127, 619–636.
Chandler, M., Allet, B., Gollary, E., Boy. dela. Tour, E. and Caro, E., 1977. Molec. Gen. Genet. 153, 289–295.
Datta, N., 1977. in Transferable Drug Resistance Factor R (Mitsuhashi, S., editor) pp 255–272, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo.
Mitshuashi, S., 1977. in Transferable Drug Resistance Factor R (Mitsuhashi, S., editor) pp 74–87, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo.
Bryan, L. E., Shahrabade, M. S., and Van Den Elzen, H. M., 1974. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 6, 191–199.
Iyobe, S., Sagai, H., Hasuda, K. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1977. in Plasmds-Medical and Theoretical Aspects (Mitsuhashi, S., Rosival, L. and Krcmery, V., editors) pp 95–100, Avicenum-Czechoslovak Medical Press, Prague; Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heiderberg, and New York.
Jacoby, G. A., 1978. in Clinical Manifestations of Infestion and Current Therapy (Dogget, R. C., editor) Academic Press, New York, in press.
Knotomichalou, P. and Papachristou, E., 1975. in Microbial Drug Resistance (Mitsuhashi, S. and Hashimoto, H., editors) pp 329–348, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo.
Holloway, B., 1969. Bacteriol. Rev. 33, 419–443.
Sagai, H., Krcmery, B., Hasuda, K., Iyobe, S., Knothe, H. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1975. Japan. J. Microbiol. 19, 427–432.
Inoue, M., Hashimoto, H. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1970. J. Antibiotics 23, 68–74.
Iyobe, S., Kono, M., Ohara, K., Hashimoto, H. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1974. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 5, 68–74.
Mitsuhashi, S., Yamagishi, S., Sawai, T. and Kawabe, H., 1977. in R-factor. Drug Resistance Plasmid (Mitsuhashi, S., editor) pp 195–254, University of Tokyo Press; University Park Press, Tokyo, Baltimore, and London.
Sawai, T., Takahashi, K., Yamagishi, S. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1970. J. Bacteriol. 104, 620–629.
Egawa, R., Sawai, T. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1967. Japan. J. Microbiol. 11, 173–178.
Yamagishi, S., Ohara, K., Sawai, T. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1969. J. Biochem. 66, 11–20.
Yaginuma, S., Terakado, N. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1975. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 8, 238–242.
Sawada, Y., Yaginuma, S., Tai, M., Iyobe, S. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1975. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 9, 55–60.
Sawai, T., Yamagishi, S. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1973. J. Bacteriol. 115, 1045–1054.
Kobayashi, F., Koshi, T., Eda, J., Yoshimura, Y. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1973. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 4, 1–5.
Lai, C., Weisblum, B., Fahnestock, S. and Nomura, M., 1973. J. Mol. Biol. 74, 67–72.
Kida, M., Igarashi, S., Okutani, T., Asako, T., Hiraga, K. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1974. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 5, 92–94.
Kida, M., Asako, T., Yoneda, M. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1975. in Microbial Drug Resistance (Mitsuhashi, S. and Hashimoto, H., editors) pp 441–448, University of Tokyo Press; University Park Press, Tokyo, Baltimore, and London.
Mitsuhashi, S., 1975. in Drug-inactivating Enzymes and Antibiotic Resistance. (Mitsuhashi, S., Rosival, L. and Krcmery, V., editors) pp 115–119, Avicenum Czechoslovak Medical Press; Springer-Verlag, Praque, Berlin, Heidelberg, and New York.
Kawabe, H., Kondo, S., Umezawa, H. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1975. Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother. 7, 494–499.
Kawabe, H., Naito, N. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1975. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 7, 50–54.
Kobayashi, F., Yamaguchi, M., Eda, J., Hiramatsu, M. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1972. Gunma Rep. Med. Sci. 5, 291–301.
Suzuki, I., Takahashi, N., Shirato, S., Kawabe, H. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1975. in Microbial Drug Resistance (Mitsuhashi, S. and Hashimoto, H., editors) pp 463–473, University of Tokyo Press; University Park Press, Tokyo, Baltimore, and London.
Kawabe, H., Umezawa, H., Iyobe, S. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1976. in Plasmids-Medical and Theoretical Aspects. pp 365–371, Avicenum, Czechoslovak Medical Press; Springer Verlag, Prague, Berlin, Heidelberg, and New York.
Mitsuhashi, S., 1975. in Drug Action and Drug Resistance in Bacteria. (2) Aminoglycoside Antibiotics (Mitsuhashi, S., editor) pp 179–210, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo.
Mitsuhashi, S. and Kawabe, H., 1979. The Aminoglycosides (A. Whelton and H. C. Neu, editors) Marcel Dekker Press, in press.
Yamaguchi, M., Koshi, T., Kobayashi, F. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1972. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2, 142–146.
Umezawa, H., 1975. in Drug Action and Drug Resistance in Bacteria. (2) Aminoglycoside Antibiotics (Mitsuhashi, S., editor) pp 211–248, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo.
Mitsuhashi, S., Kawabe, H., Fuse, A. and Iyobe, S., 1975. in Microbial Drug Resistance (Mitsuhashi, S. and Hashimoto, H., editors) pp 515–523, University of Tokyo Press; University Park Press, Tokyo, Baltimore, and London.
Nagai, Y. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1972. J. Bacteriol. 109, 1–7.
Nagate, T., Inoue, M. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1978. Microbiol. Immunol. 22, 367–375.
Saito, T., Shimizu, M. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1971. in Drug Action and Drug Resistance in Bacteria. (1) Macrolide Antibiotics and Lincomycin. (Mitsuhashi, S., editor) pp 239–266, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo.
Saito, T. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1971. in Ann. New York Acad. Sci. (Dulaney, E. L. and Laskin, A. L., editors) 182, pp 267–278, New York Acad. Sci., New York.
Matsubara, K. and Kaiser, A. D., 1968. in The bacteriophage Lambda (L. Frish, editor) pp 769–775, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York.
Mitsuhashi, S., 1977. in R factor-Drug resistance plasmid (S. Mitsuhashi, editor) pp 279–305, University of Tokyo Press; University Park Press, Tokyo, Baltimore, and London.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mitsuhashi, S. Drug resistance plasmids. Mol Cell Biochem 26, 135–181 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00423044
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00423044