Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A crystal-chemical classification of borate structures with emphasis on hydrated borates

  • Published:
Physics and Chemistry of Minerals Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The rules governing formation of hydrated borate polyanions that were proposed by C.L. Christ in 1960 are critically reviewed and new rules added on the basis of recent crystal structure determinations. Principles and classifications previously published by others are also critically reviewed briefly. The fundamental building blocks from which borate polyanions can be constructed are defined on the basis of the number n of boron atoms, and the fully hydrated polyanions are illustrated. Known structures are grouped accordingly, and a shorthand notation using n and symbols Δ = triangle, T = tetrahedron is introduced so that the polyanions can be easily characterized. For example, 3:Δ+2T describes [B3O3(OH)5]2−. Correct structural formulas are assigned borates with known structures whereas borates of unknown structure are grouped separately.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abdullaev, G.K., Mamedov, K.S.: Crystal structure of magnesium diborate, Mg[B4O6(OH)6]·6H2O. Mater. 1969, 28–32 (1969, in Russian; Eng. translation by George Soleimani, U.S. Geol. Surv.)

  • Abdullaev, G.K., Mamedov, Kh.S., Dzhafarov, G.G.: Crystal structure of the metaborates Sm(BO2)3 and Gd(BO2)3. Sov. Phys. Cryst. 20, 161–163 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashirov, A., Rumanova, I.M., Belov, N.V.: Crystalline structure of lesserite Mg[B3O3(OH)5]·5H2O. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 143, 331–334 (1962a, in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashirov, A., Rumanova, I.M., Belov, N.V.: The crystal structure of hydroboracite CaMgB6O11·6H2O = CaMg[B3O4(OH)3]2·3H2O. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 147, 1079–1082 (1962b, in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashmore, J.P., Petch, H.E.: Hydrogen positions in potassium pentaborate tetrahydrate. Can. J. Phys. 48, 1091–1097 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrer, R.M., Freund, E.F.: Hydrothermal chemistry of silicates. Part XVIII. Reactions in the system CaO-B2O3-SiO2-H2O. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 19, 2060–2065 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, S.V.: The crystal structure of the isomorphous orthoborates of cobalt and magnesium. Acta Chem. Scand. 3, 660–675 (1949)

    Google Scholar 

  • Berzina, I.R., Ozols, J.K., Ievins. A.F.: Crystal structure of manganese tetraborate MnB4O7·9H2O. Sov. Phys. Cryst. 20, 255–256 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Block, S., Perloff, A.: The direct determination of the crystal structure of NaB(OH)4·2H2O. Acta Cryst. 16, 1233–1238 (1963)

    Google Scholar 

  • Block, S., Perloff, A.: The crystal structure of barium tetraborate, BaO·2B2O3. Acta Cryst. 19, 297–300 (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  • Block, S., Burley, G., Perloff, A., Mason, R.D., Jr.: Refinement of the crystal structure of triclinic magnesium pyroborate. J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. 62, 95–100 (1959)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bokij, G.B., Kravchenko, V.B.: Crystal-chemical classification of borates. J. Struct. Chem. (USSR) 7, 860–877 (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  • Brovkin, A.A., Zayakina, N.V., Brovkina, V.S.: Crystal structure of strontioborite Sr[B8O11(OH)4]. Sov. Phys. Cryst. 20, 563–566 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, G.E., Clark, J.R.: The atomic arrangement of hydrochlorborite, Ca2[B3O3(OH)4·OB(OH)3]Cl·7H2O. Am. Cryst. Assoc. Winter Meeting, Program and Abstracts 5, 40 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Burzlaff, H.: Die Struktur des Heidornit Ca3Na2Cl(SO4)2B5O8(OH)2. Neues Jahrb. Mineral., Monatsh. 1967, 157–169 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cannillo, E., Dal Negro, A., Ungaretti, L.: The crystal structure of ezcurrite. Am. Mineral. 58, 110–115 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Christ, C.L.: Crystal chemistry and systematic classification of hydrated borate minerals. Am. Mineral. 45, 334–340 (1960)

    Google Scholar 

  • Christ, C.L.: Some contributions of crystal chemistry to geochemistry. J. Geol. Educ. 20, 235–245 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Christ, C.L., Clark, J.R.: The crystal structure of meyerhofferite, CaB3O3(OH)5·H2O. Z. Krist. 114, 321–342 (1960)

    Google Scholar 

  • Christ, C.L., Clark, J.R., Evans, H.T., Jr.: Studies of borate minerals (III): The crystal structure of colemanite, CaB3O4(OH)3·H2O. Acta Cryst. 11, 761–770 (1958)

    Google Scholar 

  • Christ, C.L., Garrels, R.M.: Relations among sodium borate hydrates at the Kramer deposit, Boron, California. Am. J. Sci. 257, 516–528 (1959)

    Google Scholar 

  • Christ, C.L., Truesdell, A.H., Erd, R.C.: Borate mineral assemblages in the system Na2O-CaO-MgO-B2O3-H2O. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 31, 313–337 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cialdi, G., Corazza, E., Sabelli, C.: La struttura cristallina della kernite, Na2B4O6(OH)2·3H2O. Accad. Naz. Lincei, Rend. cl. sci. fis. mat. natur. 42, 236–251 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, J.R.: Studies of borate minerals. IV. The crystal structure of inyoite, CaB3O3(OH)5·4H2O. Acta Cryst. 12, 162–170 (1959)

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, J.R.: The crystal structure of tunellite, SrB6O9(OH)2·3H2O. Am. Mineral. 49, 1549–1568 (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, J.R., Appleman, D.E.: Pentaborate polyanion in the crystal structure of ulexite, NaCaB5O6(OH)6·5H2O. Science 145, 1295–1296 (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, J.R., Appleman, D.E., Christ, C.L.: Crystal chemistry and structure refinement of five hydrated calcium borates. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 26, 73–95 (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, J.R., Christ, C.L.: Studies of borate minerals (VIII): The crystal structure of CaB3O3(OH)5·2H2O. Z. Krist. 112, 213–233 (1959)

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, J.R., Christ, C.L.: Veatchite: Crystal structure and correlations with p-veatchite. Am. Mineral. 56, 1934–1954 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, J.R., Christ, C.L., Appleman, D.E.: Studies of borate minerals (X): The crystal structure of CaB3O5(OH). Acta Cryst. 15, 207–213 (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  • Collin, R.L.: The crystal structure of bandylite, CuCl2·CuB2O4·4H2O. Acta Cryst. 4, 204–209 (1951)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, W.F., Larsen, F.K., Coppens, P., Giese, R.F.: Electron population analysis of accurate diffraction data. V. Structure and one-center charge refinement of the light-atom mineral, kernite, Na2B4O6(OH)2·3H2O. Am. Mineral. 58, 21–31 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Corazza, E.: The crystal structure of kurnakovite: A refinement. Acta Cryst. B30, 2194–2199 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Corazza, E.: Inderite: Crystal structure refinement and relationship with kurnakovite. Acta Cryst. B32, 1329–1333 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Corazza, E., Menchetti, S., Sabelli, C.: The crystal structure of biringuccite, Na4[B10O16(OH)2]·2H2O. Am. Mineral. 59, 1005–1015 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Corazza, E., Menchetti, S., Sabelli, C.: The crystal structure of Na3[B3O5(OH)2]. Acta Cryst. B31, 1993–1997 (1975a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Corazza, E., Menchetti, S., Sabelli, C.: The crystal structure of nasinite, Na2[B5O8(OH)]·2H2O. Acta Cryst. B31, 2405–2410 (1975b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Corazza, E., Sabelli, C.: The crystal structure of kaliborite. Accad. Naz. Lincei, Rend. cl. sci. fis. mat. natur. 41, 527–552 (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dal Negro, A., Kumbasar, I., Ungaretti, L.: The crystal structure of teruggite. Am. Mineral. 58, 1034–1043 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dal Negro, A., Martin Pozas, J.M., Ungaretti, L.: The crystal structure of ameghinite. Am. Mineral. 60, 879–883 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dal Negro, A., Sabelli, C., Ungaretti, L.: The crystal structure of macallisterite, Mg2[B6O7(OH)6]2·9H2O. Accad. Naz. Lincei, Rend. cl. sci. fis. mat. natur. 47, 353–364 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dal Negro, A., Ungaretti, L.: Crystal structure of rivadavite. Naturwissenschaften 60, 350 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dal Negro, A., Ungaretti, L. Sabelli, C.: The crystal structure of aksaite. Am. Mineral. 56, 1553–1566 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Da-Nean, Y.: The structure of kurnakovite. Sci. Sinica 14, 1086–1089 (1965, in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, W.O., Machin, M.P.: Strontiohilgardite-1Tc and tyretskite, a structural pair. Am. Mineral. 53, 2084–2087 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dowty, E., Clark, J.R.: Crystal-structure refinements for orthorhombic boracite, Mg3ClB7O13, and a trigonal iron-rich analogue. Z. Krist. 138, 64–99 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, J.O., Ross, V.F.: Structural principles of the hydrated polyborates. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 15, 329–337 (1960)

    Google Scholar 

  • Egorov-Tismenko, Yu.K., Baryshnikov, Yu.M., Shashkin, D.P., Simonov, M.A., Belov, N.V.: Crystal structure of pentahydroborite CaB2O4·5H2O=Ca[B2O(OH)6]·2H2O. Sov. Phys.-Dokl. 18, 102–103 (1973a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Egorov-Tismenko, Yu.K., Gushchina, A.E., Shashkin, D.P., Simonov, M.A., Belov, N.V.: Crystal structure of frolovite CaB2O4·4H2O=Ca[B(OH)4]2. Sov. Phys.-Dokl. 17, 1–3 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Egorov-Tismenko, Yu.K., Simonov, M.A., Belov, N.V.: Crystal structure of nifontovite Ca3[B3O3(OH)6]2·2H2O, a natural calcium metaborate. Sov. Phys.-Dokl. 210, 140–143 (1973b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Erd, R.C., McAllister, J.F., Vlisidis, A.C.: Wardsmithite, 5CaO·MgO·12B2O3·30H2O, a new borate mineral from the Death Valley Region, California. Am. Mineral. 55, 349–357 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fang, J.H., Newnham, R.E.: The crystal structure of sinhalite. Mineral. Mag. 35, 196–199 (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fang, S.-M.: The crystal structure of sodium metaborate Na3(B3O6). Z. Krist. 99, 1–8 (1938)

    Google Scholar 

  • Finney, J.J., Kumbasar, I., Konnert, J.A., Clark, J.R.: Crystal structure of the calcium silicoborate, howlite. Am. Mineral. 55, 716–728 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleischer, M.: New mineral names. Am. Mineral. 39, 849 (1954); 40, 941 (1955); 44, 1102–1103 (1959); 45, 258 (1960); 47, 1217–1218 (1962); 48, 433 (1963); 49, 441 (1964); 50, 262–263 (1965); 51, 1550 (1966a) 1817–1818 (1966b); 54, 1737–1738 (1969); 55, 1069–1070 (1970); 56, 1122 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleischer, M.: What's in a name; mac vs. mc in mineral names. Mineral. Record 3, 235–236 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleischer, M.: 1975 Glossary of Mineral Species. Bowie, Maryland: The Mineralogical Record (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fornaseri, M.: La struttura cristallina della teepleite. Per. Mineral. 18, 103–125 (1949)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fornaseri, M.: La struttura cristallina della bandylite. Per. Mineral. 19, 158–179 (1950)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fornaseri, M.: Struttura di metaborati tetragonali e loro relazione cristallochimiche. Ricerca sci. 21, 1192–1194 (1951); Chem. Abstr. 47, 10309b

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaertner, H., Roese, K.-L., Kühn, R.: Fabianit=CaB3O5(OH), ein neues Mineral. Naturwissenschaften 49, 230 (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  • Genkina, E.A., Rumanova, I.M., Belov, N.V.: On the crystal structure of magnesium hexaborate hexahydrate, MgB6O10·6H2O=Mg[B6O7(OH)6]·3H2O. Sov. Phys.-Cryst. 21, 111 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghose, S., Ulbrich, H.H., Wan, C.: Structural chemistry of borosilicates. Part I. Garrelsite, NaBa3Si2B7O16(OH)4: A silicoborate with the pentaborate [B5O12]9− polyanion. Acta Cryst. B32, 824–832 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghose, S., Wan, C.: Aristarainite, Na2Mg[B6O8(OH)4]2·4H2O: A sheet structure with chains of hexaborate polyanions. Geol. Soc. Am. Abstracts with Programs 8, 881–882 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghose, S., Wan, C., Clark, J.R.: Crystal structure of ulexite, a natural light-transmission fiber. Am. Cryst. Assoc. Winter Meeting, Program and Abstracts 5, 39 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Giacovazzo, C., Menchetti, S., Scordari, F.: The crystal structure of tincalconite. Am. Mineral. 58, 523–530 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Giese, R.F., Jr.: Crystal structure of kernite, Na2B4O6(OH)2·3H2O. Science 154, 1453–1454 (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hainsworth, F.N., Petch, H.E.: The structural basis of ferroelectricity in colemanite. Can. J. Phys. 44, 3083–3107 (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanic, F., Lindqvist, O., Nyborg, J., Zedler, A.: The crystal structure of MgO·3B2O3·5H2O. Coll. Czech. Chem. Commun. 36, 3678–3701 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart, P.B., Brown, C.S.: The synthesis of new calcium borate compounds by hydrothermal methods. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 24, 1057–1065 (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  • Heller, G.: Darstellung und Systematisierung von Boraten und Polyboraten. Fortschr. Chem. Forschung 15, 206–280 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Höhne, E.: Crystal structure of LiB(OH)4. Z. Chem. 4, 431–432 (1964, in German); Chem. Abstr. 62, 8463e (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  • Iorysh, Z.I., Rumanova, I.M., Belov, N.V.: Crystal structure of sulfoborite, Mg3(OH)2(SO4)[B(OH)4]2. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 228, 1076–1079 (1976); Chem. Abstr. 85, 102724 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ivchenko, N.P., Kurkutova, E.N.: Crystal structure of the Rb, Sr octaborate, Rb2O·SrO·4B2O3·12H2O. Sov. Phys. Cryst. 20, 326–328 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Konnert, J.A., Clark, J.R., Christ, C.L.: Crystal structure of strontioginorite, SrCaB14O20(OH)6·5H2O. Am. Mineral. 55, 1911–1931 (1970a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Konnert, J.A., Clark, J.R., Christ, C.L.: Crystal structure of fabianite and comparison with the structure of its synthetic dimorph. Z. Krist. 132, 241–254 (1970b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Konnert, J.A., Clark, J.R., Christ, C.L.: Gowerite, CaB5O8(OH)·B(OH)3·3H2O: Crystal structure and comparison with related compounds. Am. Mineral. 57, 381–396 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kravchenko, V.B.: The crystal structure of BaB2O4·4H2O. Zh. Strukt. Khim. 4, 768–770 (1963, in Russian); Chem. Abstr. 60, 1193c (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kravchenko, V.B.: The crystalline structure of the monoclinic modification of SrB2O4·4H2O is Sr[B(OH)4]2. Zh. Strukt. Khim. 6, 872–877 (1965, in Russian); Chem. Abstr. 64, 10500f (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  • Krogh-Moe, J.: The crystal structure of cesium triborate, Cs2O·3B2O3. Acta Cryst. 13, 889–892 (1960)

    Google Scholar 

  • Krogh-Moe, J.: A note on the structure of pinnoite. Acta Cryst. 23, 500–501 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  • Krogh-Moe, J.: The crystal structure of potassium diborate, K2O·2B2O3. Acta Cryst. B28, 1088–1089 (1972a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Krogh-Moe, J.: The crystal structure of a sodium triborate modification, β-Na2O·3B2O3. Acta Cryst. B28, 1571–1576 (1972b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Krogh-Moe, J.: Refinement of the crystal structure of caesium triborate, Cs2O·3B2O3. Acta Cryst. B30, 1178–1180 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kühn, R., Roese, K.-L., Gaertner, H.: Fabianit CaB3O5 (OH), ein neues Mineral. Kali Steinsalz 9, 285–290 (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurbanov, H.M., Rumanova, I.M., Belov, N.V.: Crystal structure of probertite CaNa[B5O7(OH)4]·3H2O. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 152, 1100–1103 (1963, in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurkutova, E.N., Rumanova, I.M., Belov, N.V.: Crystal structure of inderborite. Sov. Phys.-Dokl. 10, 808–810 (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kutschabsky, L.: Redetermination of the crystal structure of barium metaborate pentahydrate. Monatsber. Deut. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 9, 512–515 (1967, in German); Chem. Abstr. 69, 81425s (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kutschabsky, L.: The crystal structure of Ba[B(OH)4]2 · H2O. Acta Cryst. B25, 1811–1816 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Marezio, M.: The crystal structure of K2[B5O8(OH)] · 2H2O. Acta Cryst. B25, 1787–1795 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Marezio, M., Plettinger, H.A., Zachariasen, W.H.: The bond lengths in the sodium metaborate structure. Acta Cryst. 16, 594–595 (1963a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Marezio, M., Plettinger, H.A. Zachariasen, W.H.: Refinement of the calcium metaborate structure. Acta Cryst. 16, 390–392 (1963b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Marezio, M., Plettinger, H.A., Zachariasen, W.H.: The crystal structure of potassium tetraborate tetrahydrate. Acta Cryst. 16, 975–980 (1963c)

    Google Scholar 

  • Marezio, M., Remeika, J.P., Dernier, P.D.: The crystal structure of the high pressure phase CaB2O4 (III). Acta Cryst. B25, 955–964 (1969a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Marezio, M., Remeika, J.P., Dernier, P.D.: The crystal structure of the high pressure phase, CaB2O4 (IV), and polymorphism in CaB2O4. Acta Cryst. B25, 965–970 (1969b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Merlino, S.: The crystal structure of the beta phase of ammonium pentaborate tetrahydrate, β-NH4B5O6(OH)4 · 2H2O. Accad. Naz. Lincei, Rend. cl. sci. fis. mat. nat. 47, 85–99 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Merlino, S., Sartori, F.: The crystal structure of larderellite, NH4B5O7(OH)2 · H2O. Acta Cryst. B25, 2264–2270 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Merlino, S., Sartori, F.: Santite, a new mineral phase from Larderello, Tuscany. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 27, 159–165 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Merlino, S., Sartori, F.: Ammonioborite: New borate polyion and its structure. Science 171, 377–379 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Merlino, S., Sartori, F.: The crystal structure of sborgite, NaB5O6(OH)4 · 3H2O. Acta Cryst. B28, 3559–3567 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, P.B., Araki, T.: Roweite, Ca2Mn 2+2 (OH)4[B4O7(OH)2]: Its atomic arrangement. Am. Mineral. 59, 60–65 (1974a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, P.B., Araki, T.: Pinakiolite, Mg2Mn3+O2[BO3]; warwickite, Mg(Mg0.5Ti0.5)O[BO3]; wightmanite, Mg5(O) (OH)5[BO3] · nH2O: Crystal chemistry of complex 3 Å wallpaper structures. Am. Mineral. 59, 985–1004 (1974b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, P.B., Ghose, S.: A novel face-sharing octahedral trimer in the crystal structure of seamanite. Am. Mineral. 56, 1527–1538 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Morimoto, N.: The crystal structure of borax. Mineral. J. (Japan) 2, 1–18 (1956)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozols, J.K., Dzene, A., Ievins, A.F.: X-ray structural investigation of calcium monoborate Ca[B(OH)4]2. Latv. PSR Zinat. Akad. Vestis, Kim. Ser. 1964, 759–760 (1964, in Russian); Chem. Abstr. 63, 3710 g (1965)

  • Ozols, J.K., Ievins, A.F., Peca, L.: Crystal structure of barium monoborate, Ba[B(OH)4]2 · H2O. Latv. PSR Zinat. Akad. Vestis, Kim. Ser. 1968, 654–659 (1968, in Russian); Chem. Abstr. 70, 119098y (1969)

  • Ozols, J.K., Tetere, I.V., Ievins, A.F.: Crystal structure of zinc triborate Zn[B3O3(OH)5] · H2O. Latv. PSR Zinat. Akad. Vestis, Kim. Ser. 1973, 3–7 (1973, in Russian); Chem. Abstr. 78, 165580n (1973)

  • Ozols, J.K., Vimba, S., Ievins, A.F.: Structure of the triclinic modification of strontium diborate. Latv. PSR Zinat. Akad. Vestis, Kim. Ser. 1961, 165–167 (1961, in Russian); Chem. Abstr. 57, 5392a (1962)

  • Palache, C., Berman, H., Frondel, C.: Dana's System of Mineralogy, 7th Ed., Vol. II. New York: John Wiley 1951

    Google Scholar 

  • Paton, F., MacDonald, S.G.G.: The crystal structure of pinnoite. Acta Cryst. 10, 653–656 (1957)

    Google Scholar 

  • Peng, C., Wu, C, Chang, P.: Crystal structure of ascharite. Sci. Sinica 12, 1761–1764 (1963, in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters, C.R., Milberg, M.E.: The refined structure of orthorhombic metaboric acid. Acta Cryst. 17, 229–234 (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  • Petersen, R.C., Finkelstein, M., Ross, S.D.: Quaternary ammonium polyborates. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 81, 3264–3267 (1959)

    Google Scholar 

  • Prewitt, C.T., Buerger, M.J.: The crystal structure of cahnite, Ca2BAsO4(OH)4. Am. Mineral. 46, 1077–1085 (1961)

    Google Scholar 

  • Raup, O.B., Gude, A.J. 3d, Dwornik, E.J., Cuttitta, F., Rose, H.J. Jr.: Braitschite, a new hydrous calcium rare-earth borate mineral from the Paradox Basin, Grand County, Utah. Am. Mineral. 53, 1081–1095 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Razmanova, Z.P., Rumanova, I.M., Belov, N.V.: Crystal structure of kurnakovite Mg2B6O11 · 15H2O = 2Mg[B3O3(OH)5] · 5H2O. Sov. Phys.-Dokl. 14, 1139–1142 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, V.F., Edwards, J.O.: The structural chemistry of the borates. In: The chemistry of boron and its compounds, Muetterties, Earl L. (ed.). New York: John Wiley 1967, pp. 155–207

    Google Scholar 

  • Rumanova, I.M.: Forms of the ternary [B3O8]7− boron-oxygen ring in the structures of hydrated borates. Sov. Phys. Cryst. 16, 1018–1020 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rumanova, I.M., Ashirov, A.: The determination of the crystal structure of inderite. Sov. Phys. Cryst. 8, 414–419 (1964a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rumanova, I.M., Ashirov, A.: Determination of the crystal structure of hydroboracite CaMg[B3O4(OH)3]2 · 3H2O. Sov. Phys. Cryst. 8, 665–680 (1964b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rumanova, I.M., Gandymov, O.: Crystal structure of the natural strontium borate, p-veatchite, Sr2[B5O8(OH)]2 · B(OH)3 · H2O. Sov. Phys. Cryst. 16, 75–81 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rumanova, I.M., Gandymov, O., Belov, N.V.: The crystal structure of veatchite and its relationship to the structure of p-veatchite. Kristallografiya 16, 286–291 (1971, in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rumanova, I.M., Kurbanov, H.M., Belov, N.V.: Determination of the crystal structure of probertite CaNa[B5O7(OH)4] · 3H2O. Sov. Phys. Cryst. 10, 513–522 (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rumanova, I.M., Razmanova, Z.P., Belov, N.V.: Crystal structure of preobrazhenskite 3MgO · 5.5B2O3 · 4.5H2O = Mg3[B11O14(OH)8HO2]. Sov. Phys. Dokl. 16, 518–521 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sadanaga, R.: The crystal structure of kotoite Mg3B2O6. X-Rays 5, 2–7 (1948); Chem. Abstr. 44, 5765 (1948)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sadanaga, R., Nishimura, T., Watanabe, T.: The structure of jimboite, Mn3(BO3)2, and relationship with the structure of kotoite. Mineral. J. (Japan) 4, 380–388 (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, W., Carpenter, G.B.: Bond lengths and thermal parameters of potassium metaborate, K3B3O6. Acta Cryst. B26, 1189–1191 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sedlacek, P., Dornberger-Schiff, K.: An OD-disordered modification of the calcium monoborate dihydrate Ca[B(OH)4]2 · 2H2O. Acta Cryst. B27, 1532–1541 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Shashkin, D.P., Simonov, M.A., Belov, N.V.: Crystalline structure of the recently discovered natural borate vimsite Ca[B2O2(OH)4]. Sov. Phys.-Dokl. 13, 974–977 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Shashkin, D.P., Simonov, M.A., Belov, N.V.: Crystal structure of uralborite, Ca[B4O4(OH)8]. Sov. Phys.-Dokl. 14, 1044–1246 (1970a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Shashkin, D.P., Simonov, M.A., Belov, N.V.: Crystal structure of calciborite CaB2O4 = Ca[BO3 · BO]2. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 195, 345–348 (1970b, in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Silins, E.J., Ievins, A.F.: Structure of nickel hexaborate. Latv. PSR Zinat. Akad. Vestis, Kim. Ser. 1975, 747–748 (1975, in Russian); Chem. Abstr. 84, 114498h (1976)

  • Silins, E.J., Ozols, J.K., Ievins, A.F.: Structure of potassium cobalt hexaborate K2Co[B6O7(OH)6]2 · 4H2O. Sov. Phys. Cryst. 18, 317–319 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Silins, E.J., Ozols, J.K., Ievins, A.F.: Crystal structure of cobalt hexaborate decahydrate (CoB6O10 · 10H2O) and nickel hexaborate decahydrate (NiB6O10 · 10H2O). Latv. PSR Zinat. Akad. Vestis, Kim. Ser. 1974, 115–116 (1974, in Russian); Chem. Abstr. 81, 7181r (1974)

  • Silvidi, A.A., McGrath, J.W.: Proton magnetic resonance study of the structure of potassium pentaborate. J. Chem. Phys. 30, 1028–1031 (1959)

    Google Scholar 

  • Simonov, M.A., Yamnova, N.A., Kazanskaya, E.V., Egorov-Tismenko, Yu.K., Belov, N.V.: Crystal structure of a new natural calcium borate-hexahydroborite, CaB2O4 · 6H2O = Ca[B(OH)4]2 · 2H2O. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 228, 1337–1340 (1976); Chem. Abstr. 85, 102787j (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J.A.S., Richards, R.E.: Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of some inorganic hydrates. Trans. Faraday Soc. 48, 307–315 (1952)

    Google Scholar 

  • Solov'yeva, L.P., Bakakin, V.V.: Crystal structure of borcarite Ca4Mg[B4O6(OH)6](CO3)2. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 180, 1453–1456 (1968, in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sueno, S., Clark, J.R., Papike, J.J., Konnert, J.A.: Crystal-structure refinement of cubic boracite. Am. Mineral. 58, 691–697 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Takéuchi, Y.: The crystal structure of magnesium pyroborate. Acta Cryst. 5, 574–581 (1952)

    Google Scholar 

  • Takéuchi, Y., Kudoh, Y.: Szaibelyite, Mg2(OH)[B2O4(OH)]: Crystal structure, pseudosymmetry, and polymorphism. Am. Mineral. 60, 273–279 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Takéuchi, Y., Watanabe, T., Ito, T.: The crystal structures of warwickite, ludwigite and pinakiolite. Acta Cryst. 3, 98–107 (1950)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tazaki, H.: Structure of orthorhombic metaboric acid, HBO2 (α). J. Sci. Hiroshima U., Ser. A, 10, 55–61 (1940)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tennyson, C.: Eine Systematik der Borate auf kristallchemischer Grundlage. Fortschr. Mineral. 41, 64–91 (1963)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wan, C., Ghose, S.: The molecular and crystal structure of hungchaoite, [Mg(H2O)5B4O5(OH)4]·2H2O. Am. Cryst. Assoc. Winter Meeting, Program and Abstracts 5, 39–40 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, N.: A structure proposal for the phase β-CaB2O4·6H2O. Neues Jahrb. Mineral., Monatsh. 1971, 315–325 (1971a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, N.: On the polytype of a layered borate. Geol. Soc. China, Proc., No. 14, 195–197 (1971b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamnova, N.A., Egorov-Tismenko, Yu. K., Simonov, M.A., Belov, N.V.: Crystal structure of solongoite Ca2[B3O4(OH)4]Cl. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 216, 1281–1284 (1974, in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamnova, N.A., Simonov, M.A., Kazanskaya, E.V., Belov, N.V.: Refined structure of calcium magnesium carbonate borate, borcarite Ca4Mg[B4O6(OH)6](CO3)2. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 225, 823–826 (1975, in Russian); Chem. Abstr. 84, 82853b (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zachariasen, W.H.: The crystal structure of potassium metaborate, K3(B3O6). J. Chem. Phys. 5, 919–922 (1937a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zachariasen, W.H.: The crystal structure of potassium acid dihydronium pentaborate. Z. Krist. 98, 266–274 (1937b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zachariasen, W.H.: The precise structure of orthoboric acid. Acta Cryst. 7, 305–310 (1954)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zachariasen, W.H.: The crystal structure of monoclinic metaboric acid. Acta Cryst. 16, 385–389 (1963a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zachariasen, W.H.: The crystal structure of cubic metaboric acid. Acta Cryst. 16, 380–384 (1963b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zachariasen, W.H.: Theory of X-ray diffraction in crystals with stacking faults. Acta Cryst. 23, 44–49 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zachariasen, W.H., Plettinger, H.A.: Refinement of the structure of potassium pentaborate tetrahydrate. Acta Cryst. 16, 376–379 (1963)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zachariasen, W.H., Ziegler, G.E.: The crystal structure of calcium metaborate, CaB2O4. Z. Krist. 83, 354–361 (1932)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zayakina, N.V., Brovkin, A.A.: Crystal structure of Ca2B6O11. Sov. Phys. Cryst. 21, 277–279 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeigan, D.: Structure of a new modification of calcium (1:1:4) hydroxyborate. Z. Chem. 7, 241–242 (1967, in German); Chem. Abstr. 67, 86351 d (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeigan, D., Kutschabsky, L.: Application of the linear system of equations of the structure factor in determination of α calcium tetraborate structure. Monatsber. Deut. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 7, 867–869 (1965, in German); Chem. Abstr. 65, 19388d (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zviedre, I., Ievins, A.F.: Crystal structure of cesium metaborate tetrahydrate (α-CsBO2·4H2O): Latv. PSR Zinat. Akad. Vestis, Kim. Ser. 1974, 401–405 (1974a, in Russian); Chem. Abstr. 81, 178300h (1974a)

  • Zviedre, I., Ievins, A.F.: Crystal structure of rubidium metaborate hydrate (RbBO2·4/3H2O). Latv. PSR Zinat. Akad. Vestis, Kim. Ser. 1974, 395–400 (1974b, in Russian); Chem. Abstr. 81, 178302k (1974b)

  • Zviedre, I., Ozols, J.K., Ievins, A.F.: Crystal structure of potassium metaborate hydrate (KBO2·4/3H2O). Latv. PSR Zinat. Akad. Vestis, Kim. Ser. 1974, 387–394 (1974, in Russian); Chem. Abstr. 81, 178301j (1974)

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, 94025, Menlo Park, California, USA

    C. L. Christ & Joan R. Clark

Authors
  1. C. L. Christ
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Joan R. Clark
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Christ, C.L., Clark, J.R. A crystal-chemical classification of borate structures with emphasis on hydrated borates. Phys Chem Minerals 2, 59–87 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00307525

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00307525

Keywords

Search

Navigation