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Innervation of heart and alary muscles in Sphinx ligustri L. (Lepidoptera)

A scanning and transmission electron microscopic study

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Summary

The origin and orientation of the heart nerves in Sphinx ligustri and Ephestia kuehniella were investigated by scanning electron microscopy using a special technique which involved pinning the dissected specimens on a stabilizing metal pad. The heart and alary muscles in Sphinx particularly their caudal extremity were also examined by transmission electron microscopy. The alary muscles form an incomplete sheath around the heart with a mainly longitudinal fibre orientation, e.i. antagonistically to the fibres of the heart itself. The heart and alary muscles are multiterminally innervated by branches of the transverse segmental nerves. All branches contain a single electron lucent axon; the thickest branches also possess several neurosecretory axons. Swellings of the segmental nerves may indicate the position of nerve cell bodies. There are no lateral heart nerves. Only one type of neuromuscular junction is abundant in the alary muscles but less frequently found in the heart. The terminals originate from the central axon only. They are capped by glial cells, which interdigitate with the muscle cells. They penetrate into the T-system toward the Z-discs and form a complex intercellular space system. Exocytosis of dense-cored vesicles into this “perisynaptic reticulum” seems likely. Sites of neurohaemal release are distributed along the nerve branches and special nerve endings occur at the level of the ostia. The possible nervous influence upon heart activity is discussed.

Zusammenfassung

Ursprung und Verlauf der Herznerven bei Sphinx ligustri und Ephestia kuehniella wurden unter Verwendung von Präparationsunterlagen aus Bleiblech rasterelektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Herz und Alarmuskeln von Sphinx ligustri wurden mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des caudalen Herzabschnitts im Transmissionselektronenmikroskop untersucht. Die Alarmuskeln bilden eine unvollständige Hülle um das Herz aus überwiegend längs orientierten Fasern, antagonistisch zum Faserverlauf im Herzmuskel. Herz und Alarmuskeln sind multiterminal über die transversalen Segmentalnerven innerviert, deren größte Zweige ein elektronentransparentes und mehrere neurosekretorische Axone enthalten. Verdickungen der Segmentalnerven enthalten möglicherweise Nervenzellen. Laterale Herznerven wurden nicht gefunden. Synaptische Axonendigungen nur eines Typs sind in den Alarmuskeln häufig, im Herzmuskel seltener. Sie werden nur von dem zentralen Axon aus gebildet. Die neuromuskulären Kontaktstellen sind von Gliazellen bedeckt, die über zahlreiche Ausläufer mit der Muskelzelle verzahnt sind und mit ihr ein “perisynaptisches Retikulum” bilden. Die Gliazellausläufer dringen in das T-System bis zu den Z-Banden vor. Exozytose von Neurosekret-Vesikeln in das perisynaptische Interzellularsystem wird angenommen. Neurohämale Abgabeorte finden sich entlang der Nervenäste und in speziellen Nervenendigungen auf der Höhe der Ostien. Der mögliche Einfluß der Innervierung auf die Herzaktivität wird diskutiert.

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We wish to thank Mrs. Hotzel for her careful technical assistance, Dr. Foelix and the copy editor for the critical revision of the English manuscript. We are indebted to Dr. Noli, Leitz-AMR Wetzlar and Dr. Bijvank for their help at the scanning electron microscopes

The transmission electron microscopic part of this investigation was supported by a research scholarship from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft

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Wasserthal, L.T., Wasserthal, W. Innervation of heart and alary muscles in Sphinx ligustri L. (Lepidoptera). Cell Tissue Res. 184, 467–486 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00220970

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