Abstract
A radar equation which can be applied to any bistatic acoustic sounder is derived. The equation reduces to the expression normally used for the special case of the monostatic sounder. Numerical results using this equation are given for specific acoustic sounders, including the relative contributions to the scattering from the temperature and velocity parameters (C T 2 and C V 2), the effect of wind speed on the scattered intensity and the measurement of horizontal wind velocity.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Asimakopoulos, D. N., Cole, R. S., Caughey, S. J., and Crease, B. A.: 1976, ‘A quantitative comparison between acoustic sounder returns and the direct measurement of atmospheric temperature fluctuations’ Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 10, 137–148.
Balser, M., McNary, C. A. and Nagy, A. E.: 1976, ‘Remote wind sensing by acoustic radar’, J. Appl. Meteorol. 15, 50–58.
Beran, D. W., Hooke, W. M., and Clifford, S. F.: 1973, ‘Acoustic echo-sounding techniques and their application to gravity-wave, turbulence and stability studies’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 4, 133–153.
Brown, E. H., and Clifford, S. F.: 1976, ‘On the attenuation of sound by turbulence’, J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 60, 788–794.
Brown, E. H., and Hall, F. F., Jr.: 1978, ‘Advances in atmospheric acoustics’, Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics, 16, 46–110.
Caughey, S. J., Crease, B. A., Asimakopoulos, D. N. and Cole, R. S.: 1976, ‘A comparison of acoustic Doppler vertical velocities with direct measurements in the atmospheric boundary layer’ Nature 262, 274–276.
Caughey, S. J., Crease, B. A., Asimakopoulos, D. N., and Cole, R. S.: 1978, ‘Quantitative bistatic acoustic sounding of the atmospheric boundary layer’ Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 104, 147–161.
Georges, T. M., and Clifford, S. F.: 1972, ‘Acoustic sounding in a refracting atmosphere’, J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 52, 1397–1405.
Hall, F. F., and Wescott, J. W.: 1974, ‘Acoustic antennas for atmospheric echo sounding’, J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 56, 1376–1382.
Haugen, D. A., and Kaimal, J. C.: 1978, ‘Measuring temperature structure parameter profiles with an acoustic sounder’, J. Appl. Meteorol. 17, 895–899.
Little, C. G.: 1969, ‘Acoustic methods for the remote probing of the lower atmosphere’, Proc. IEEE 57, 571–578.
Moulsley, T. J.: 1979, ‘Acoustic Sounding of the Atmosphere’. Ph. D. Thesis, London University.
Moulsley, T. J., Asimakopoulos, D. N., Cole, R. S., and Crease, B. A.: 1978, ‘Design of arrays for acoustic sounder antennas’, J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum. 11, 657–662.
Moulsley, T. J., Asimakopoulos, D. N., Cole, R. S., Crease, B. A., and Caughey, S. J.: 1981, ‘Measurement of boundary layer structure parameter profiles by acoustic sounding and comparison with direct measurements’. To be published. Quart J.R. Meteorol. Soc.
Neff, W. D.: 1975, ‘Quantitative evaluation of acoustic echoes from the planetary boundary layer’, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado: Technical Report ERL - 322 - WPL 38.
Neff, W. D.: 1978, ‘Beamwidth effects on acoustic backscatter in the planetary boundary layer’. J. Appl. Meteorol. 17, 1514–1520.
Phillips, P. D., Richner, H., and Nater, W.: 1977, ‘Layer model for assessing acoustic refraction effects in echo sounding’, J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 62, 277–285.
Thomson, D. W., and Coulter, R. L.: 1974, ‘Analysis and simulation of phase coherent acdar sounding measurements’. J. Geophys. Res. 79, 5541–5349.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Now with the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Portsmouth Polytechnic, Anglesea Road, Portsmouth PO1 3DJ.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Moulsley, T.J., Cole, R.S. A general radar equation for the bistatic acoustic sounder. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 19, 359–372 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00120597
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00120597