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Nanomedicines for the Treatment of Bacterial Diseases

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Nanomedicine in Treatment of Diseases

Part of the book series: Learning Materials in Biosciences ((LMB))

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Abstract

Bacterial infections pose serious threats to the lives of humans worldwide. Extensive applications of antibiotics have resulted in an increased resistance among various pathogenic bacteria against those antimicrobials. Development of such resistance has led to increment in the microbial virulence, increased hospitalization frequency, mortality and morbidity, and increased potential of the pathogens to evade the immune system by forming biofilms. The retention as well as efficacy of these drugs in the target tissues are affected by their bioavailability, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacokinetic parameters. All these hurdles result in the development of need for higher doses and frequent administrations for obtaining effective treatment doses and hence, induce undesirable outcomes. Treatment using nano-sized delivery methods is regarded as one of the major approaches, and thousands of researches and related articles have supported drug delivery system based on nanoparticles. Nanodrug delivery involves the mechanism by which the NPs are combined with one or more antimicrobial adjuncts, which can lead to increase or decrease in the bioavailability of the drug and related side effects. Administration of NPs as antibacterial material is an ingenious and cost-effective approach against a range of pathogenic bacteria. Hence, application of NPs as a cost-effective antimicrobial delivery method should be opted to increase the life and effectiveness of the drug. The dramatic increase in the bacterial resistance against a variety of antibiotics has emerged to pose a key threat to human health. The uncontrolled, frequent, and unprescribed usages of antibiotics have resulted in the induction of antibiotic resistance in numerous bacterial strains. The world is on the verge of entering into the postantibiotic era, where the more population will die because of bacterial infections than cancer. Therefore, the discovery of potent and novel bactericidal agents in current times, is inevitable and is of considerable clinical importance. In recent times, nanotechnology has developed as a new tool to tackle the deadly bacterial infections and is thought to have overcome the barriers experienced by conventional antimicrobials such as antibiotic resistance. The nanoparticles (NPs) have been increasingly reported to interact with major biomolecules such as ribosomes, enzymes, DNA that directly interfere with the gene expression, oxidative stress, and membrane permeability. As, the NPs target several biomolecules at the same time, it turns out to be very challenging for the bacteria to deal with them and develop resistance against them. In this chapter, we have highlighted the history of antibiotics and how different bacterial strains have developed antibiotic resistance to certain drugs. Moreover, the role of nanotechnology and efficacy of various nanomaterials in the fight against bacterial infections have been discussed along with pervious researches. In the end, future outcomes of using the nanomaterials in the field of medicine have been explored.

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    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan

      Rida Siddique & Ammara Saleem

    2. Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan

      Faqir Muhammad

    3. Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan

      Muhammad Furqan Akhtar

    4. Department of Pharmacy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan

      Bushra Akhtar

    5. Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Allied Health Sciences, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan

      Ali Sharif

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    1. Rida Siddique
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    Correspondence to Ammara Saleem .

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    1. Department of Pharmacy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

      Bushra Akhtar

    2. Department of Biosciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan

      Faqir Muhammad

    3. Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Allied Health Sciences, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan

      Ali Sharif

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    Siddique, R., Saleem, A., Muhammad, F., Akhtar, M.F., Akhtar, B., Sharif, A. (2023). Nanomedicines for the Treatment of Bacterial Diseases. In: Akhtar, B., Muhammad, F., Sharif, A. (eds) Nanomedicine in Treatment of Diseases. Learning Materials in Biosciences. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-7626-3_3

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