Abstract
Dengue fever is the most important emerging and persistently re-emerging arbovirosis that is transmitted via the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes. Etiologically, it is caused by any of the four serotypes of the dengue virus, a prototype Flavivirus of the family Flaviviridae. The disease is widespread throughout the tropics and subtropics of the world, and can spread from countries of high endemicity to those of low endemicity by international travel. The illness can present asymptomatically or may result in uncharacterized fever, dengue fever or even its more severe form of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever which causes plasma leakage resulting in hypovolemic shock or the Dengue Shock Syndrome. Classical dengue is self-limiting and presents with an abrupt and acute onset of high fever, followed by the development of headache, retro-orbital pain, myalgia and arthralgia due to which dengue is commonly referred to as ‘breakbone fever’, and patients may also develop a maculopapular rash and lymphadenopathy. There is no cross protectivity among the four serotypes, and secondary infection with a different serotype is often correlated with a marked risk of severe dengue. Virus isolation, nucleic acid detection using Polymerase Chain Reaction and serological detection of the viral NS1 antigen and dengue-specific IgM and IgG antibodies are all common diagnostic techniques for dengue. Other laboratory findings indicative of dengue are leukopenia, thrombocytopenia and metabolic acidosis. With no specific antiviral therapy, disease management essentially involves supportive care using antipyretics and fluid replacement. Lastly, there have been several efforts to develop adequate preventive measures against dengue in the form of mosquito control and the development of dengue vaccines. Several vaccine candidates are being studied for dengue, with Sanofi Pasteur’s live attenuated Dengvaxia being the only currently licensed dengue vaccine. Thus, this chapter aims to provide a detailed overview of dengue, its etiology, pathogenesis and clinical presentation, diagnosis, therapy and prevention.
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Bhalerao, U., Preethi, L., Bhukya, P.L., Mhaske, S.T. (2023). Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever: A Resurgent Arbovirosis in Humans. In: Bhukya, P.L., Mhaske, S.T., Sonkar, S.C. (eds) Emerging Human Viral Diseases, Volume I. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2820-0_12
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