Abstract
This chapter presents the environmental conditions linked to the microclimate developed in the Mediterranean courtyards, in order to know the impact on the conservation of traditional building materials. Thus, this work aims to establish a relationship between environmental parameters (Temperature and Relative Humidity) and the preservation of plasterworks, wooden carpentries and ceilings, and tilings. Results will easily reveal which are the most adequate conditions of conservation of these materials and the influence of ambient conditions in the degradation process of materials present in the Courtyard of the Maidens (Royal Alcazar of Seville). To this end, a long-term monitoring of the environmental conditions of the Courtyard of the Maidens was carried out during 2021 and 2022 and the subsequent statistical analysis of the parameters.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
It should be mentioned that there are previous records of the environmental conditions of the RAS at different points, but made in a short period of time. These studies revealed that environmental conditions do not change substantially with visits [32]. For this reason, the fact that thousands of tourists daily circulate through the Courtyard of the Maidens can be ignored.
References
Lucchi E (2018) Review of preventive conservation in museum buildings. J Cult Herit 29:180–193
BOE Legislación Consolidada (2021) Ley 12/2007 del Patrimonio Histórico de Andalucía
Campos de Alvear R (2018) The maintenance and the preventive preservation measures of the cultural goods in the Royal Alcázar of Seville. Apuntes del Alcázar de Sevilla 18:71–87
AENOR (2012) Conservation of cultural property. Condition survey and report of built cultural heritage. EN 16096:2012
Camuffo D (2019) Microclimate for Cultural Heritage: Conservation, Restoration, and Maintenance of Indoor and Outdoor Monuments. Elsevier
Cook I, Johnston R, Selby K (2019) Climate Change and Cultural Heritage: A Landscape Vulnerability Framework. Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564894.2019.1605430
AENOR (2011) UNE-EN 15759. Conservation of Cultural Property. Specifications for temperature and relative humidity to limit climate-induced mechanical damage in organic hygroscopic materials.
Ferreira C, Barrelas J, Silva A, et al (2021) Impact of environmental exposure conditions on the maintenance of facades’ claddings. Buildings 11
Costanzo V, Fabbri K, Schito E et al (2021) Microclimate monitoring and conservation issues of a Baroque church in Italy: a risk assessment analysis. Building Research and Information 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2021.1899797
Corgnati SP, Filippi M (2010) Assessment of thermo-hygrometric quality in museums: Method and in-field application to the ‘ Duccio di Buoninsegna’ exhibition at Santa Maria della Scala (Siena, Italy). J Cult Herit 11:345–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2009.05.003
Zarzo M, Fernández-Navajas A, García-Diego FJ (2011) Long-term monitoring of fresco paintings in the cathedral of Valencia (Spain) through humidity and temperature sensors in various locations for preventive conservation. Sensors 11:8685–8710. https://doi.org/10.3390/s110908685
Italiana N (1999) UNI 10829. Works of art of historical importance. Ambient conditions for the conservation. Measurement and analysis. [Beni di interesse storico e artistico. Condizioni ambientali di conservazione. Misurazione ed analisi.]. 1–24
Ansi/Ashrae (2004) ANSI/ASHRAE 55:2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy. Ashrae 30
PAS 198:2012 - Specification for managing environmental conditions for cultural collections – BSI British Standards
AENOR (2012) UNE-EN 15759–1. Conservation of cultural property. Indoor climate. Part 1: Guidelines for heating churches, chapels and other places of worship
Bonacina C, Baggio P, Cappelletti F et al (2015) The Scrovegni Chapel: The results of over 20 years of indoor climate monitoring. Energy and Buildings 95:144–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.12.018
Bienvenido-Huertas D, León-Muñoz M, Martín-del-Río JJ, Rubio-Bellido C (2021) Analysis of climate change impact on the preservation of heritage elements in historic buildings with a deficient indoor microclimate in warm regions. Build Environ 200:107959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107959
Zonno G, Aguilar R, Boroschek R, Lourenço PB (2019) Analysis of the long and short-term effects of temperature and humidity on the structural properties of adobe buildings using continuous monitoring. Eng Struct 196:109299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109299
Costanzo V, Fabbri K, Schito E et al (2021) Microclimate monitoring and conservation issues of a Baroque church in Italy: a risk assessment analysis. Building Research and Information 49:729–747. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2021.1899797
Ramírez S, Zarzo M, Perles A, García-Diego FJ (2021) A methodology for discriminant time series analysis applied to microclimate monitoring of fresco paintings. Sensors (Switzerland) 21:1–29. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21020436
Ranesi A, Posani M, Veiga R, Faria P (2022) A Discussion on Winter Indoor Hygrothermal Conditions and Hygroscopic Behaviour of Plasters in Southern Europe. Infrastructures 7:1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7030038
Tabales Rodríguez MÁ, Alejandre Sánchez FJ, Blasco López FJ, Vargas Lorenzo C (2017) 14C Chronological data and thermoluminiscence of islamic tapiales of the Real Alcazar of Seville. Journal of Archeology Architecture and Arts 4:51–57. https://doi.org/10.14195/2182-844X
Tabales Rodríguez MÁ (2003) Investigaciones arqueológicas en el Patio de las Doncellas: Avance de resultados de la primera campaña (2002). Apuntes del Alcázar 4:2–6
Cañas Palop C (2006) Las armaduras de cubiertas mudéjares del palacio de Pedro I, del Alcázar de Sevilla: análisis integral y propuestas para la restauración. University of Seville, Tesis Doctoral
Mora Vicente GM, Ramírez López I (2015) Restauración del alfarje del rey en el Cuarto Real Alto. Apuntes del Alcázar de Sevilla 16:142–173
Villanueva Domínguez L, García Santos A (2001) Manual del yeso. CIE Inversiones Editoriales
Coba Peña AC (2017) La policromía del alfarje del Patio de las Doncellas. Tesis Doctoral, Universidad de Granada, Estudio técnico y ensayos de protección
Ramírez López I, Ramírez López I, Cañas Palop C (2006) Recuperación de la armadura del anteoratorio en el Cuarto Real Alto. Apuntes del Alcazar de Sevilla 7:40–77
Pérez Ferrer JC, Fernández Aguilera S (2008) Restauración de diecisiete puertas y ventanas del Palacio de Pedro I en el Real Alcázar de Sevilla. Apuntes del Alcázar de Sevilla 9:80–95
Ramírez López I, Ramírez López IM, Cañas Palop C (2011) Estudio y restauración armadura del comedor de familia. Apuntes del Alcazar de Sevilla 12:40–87
Cultrone G (2004) Estudio mineralógico-petrográfico y fisico-mecánico de ladrillos macizos para su aplicación en intervenciones del Patrimonio Histórico
Enríquez Díaz C, Baeza Álvarez JR (2019) A project for the restoration of the tilings of the ground floor of the mudéjar palace. Apuntes del Alcázar de Sevilla 19:65–77
Freyer D, Voigt W (2003) Crystallization and Phase Stability of CaSO4 and CaSO 4 - Based Salts. Monatshefte fur Chemie 134:693–719. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00706-003-0590-3
Winkler EM, Wilhelm EJ (1970) Salt burst by hydration pressures in architectural stone in urban atmosphere. Geological Society of America Bulletin 81:567–572. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[567:SBBHPI]2.0.CO;2
Ritterbach L, Becker P (2020) Temperature and humidity dependent formation of CaSO4·xH2O (x = 0...2) phases. Global and Planetary Change 187 (10313:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2020.103132
Goossens E (2003) Moisture transfer properties of coated gypsum. Tesis Doctoral, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
Mesquita CAC (2012) Revestimientos Continuos Interiores de Varias Capas con Características de Barrera de Vapor e Higroscopicidad. Polytechnic University of Madrid, Tesis Doctoral
Correa Gómez E, Rubio Domene R (2014) El yeso. Las decoraciones de yeso en época nazarí. In: Manual de Buenas Prácticas. Restauración de madera, yeso y cerámica, Patronato. Consejería de Educación, Cultura y Deporte de la Junta de Andalucía. Patronato de la Alhambra y Generalife, Granada, pp 43–52
Cabrera Garrido JM (1972) La influencia de los contaminantes en el Patrimonio artístico Nacional. Economista Industrial 107:51–60
Calero Castillo AI, García Bueno A, López Cruz O, Medina Flórez VJ (2017) La policromía original de las yeserías del Patio de las Doncellas del Real Alcázar de Sevilla. Materiales constitutivos y técnicas de ejecución. Arqueología y Territorio Medieval 24:255–290. https://doi.org/10.17561/aytm.v24i0.9
Viitanen H, Ojanen T (2007) Improved Model to Predict Mold Growth in Building Materials. In: Thermal Performance of the Exterior Envelopes of Whole Buildings X–Proceedings CD. pp 2–7
Tsongas GA, Rioroan F (2016) Minimum conditions for visible mold growth. ASHRAE J 58:32–43
Michalski S (2009) Temperatura Incorrecta. Canadian Conservation Institute ICCROM
Sanz Arauz D (2009) Análisis del yeso empleado en revestimientos exteriores mediante técnicas geológicas. Doctoral dissertation, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
Pérez-Peña N, Valenzuela L, Diaz-vaz JE, Ananías RA (2011) Prediction of equilibrium moisture content in wood in relation to the specific gravity of the cell wall and environmental variables. Maderas: Ciencia y Tecnologia 13:253–266. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-221X2011000300002
Loffer L (2022) Acceptable Moisture Levels in Wood – Knowing the Moisture Content. https://www.wagnermeters.com/moisture-meters/wood-info/acceptable-moisture-levels-wood/. Accessed 6 Dec 2022
Imamura H, Kiguchi M (1999) Prediction of wood decay in the exterior wall of wooden houses by the deterioration of nails. Durability of Building Materials and Components 8, Vols 1–4, Proceedings 1995:746–755\r2954
Glass S V., Zelinka SL (2015) Moisture Relations and Physical Properties of Wood. In: FPL-GTR-282. pp 1–20
Rajčić V, Skender A, Damjanović D (2018) An innovative methodology of assessing the climate change impact on cultural heritage. International Journal of Architectural Heritage 12:21–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2017.1354094
Sabbioni C, Brimblecombe P, Cassar M (2010) The Atlas of Climate Change Impact on European Cultural Heritage: Scientific Analysis and Management Strategies. Anthem Press, London, UK
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Blasco-López, F.J. et al. (2023). Impact of Environmental Conditions on Construction Materials Throughout Long-Term Surveys to Promote Preventive Conservation. Case Study of Courtyards Located in Mediterranean Climate. In: Bienvenido-Huertas, D., Durán-Álvarez, J. (eds) Building Engineering Facing the Challenges of the 21st Century. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, vol 345. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2714-2_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2714-2_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-99-2713-5
Online ISBN: 978-981-99-2714-2
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)