Advancements in Measuring Cognition Using EEG and fNIRS

A Survey

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First Online: 24 August 2023

pp 1879–1917
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Handbook of Metrology and Applications

Sushil Chandra⁶ &
Abhinav Choudhury⁶

912 Accesses

Abstract

Human cognition is the essential building block of human intelligence, and it is what makes us who we are. Cognition is defined as the capacity to recognize and respond appropriately to external stimuli based on one’s beliefs, actions, experiences, and senses. It is one of the fundamental reasons for human existence and is one of the most important aspects of the brain. In childhood, adolescence, and maturity, the cognitive processes of humans are always evolving and developing. Although some of these abilities begin to diminish as one grows older and approaches older maturity, others begin to deteriorate when neurons die and the systems that replace them become insufficient. Understanding cognition is essential not just for healthy cognitive growth and survival but also for the treatment of a variety of neuropsychological conditions, such as Alzheimer’s disease. It is necessary to examine the cognitive functions of the human brain before one can comprehend cognition. fNIRS and electroencephalography (EEG) are low-cost methods of assessing and evaluating cognitive function. The principles of electroencephalography (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), as well as a number of methods for preprocessing and interpreting EEG and fNIRS data, are therefore covered in this chapter. Lastly, the use of simultaneous EEG-fNIRS is discussed along with its limitations and advantages.

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Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, New Delhi, India
Sushil Chandra & Abhinav Choudhury

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Sushil Chandra
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Abhinav Choudhury
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Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Dinesh K. Aswal
Physico-Mechanical Metrology, CSIR - National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, Delhi, India
Sanjay Yadav
National Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial, Ibaraki, Japan
Toshiyuki Takatsuji
National Institute of Standards and Tech, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
Prem Rachakonda
Mechanical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
Harish Kumar

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Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, India
Ravinder Agarwal PhD
National Institute of Technical Teachers Training and Research, Chandigarh, India
Amod Kumar PhD
Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
Sushil Chandra PhD
CSIR-National Physical Laboratory (CSIR-NPL), New Delhi, India
Sanjay Yadav

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Chandra, S., Choudhury, A. (2023). Advancements in Measuring Cognition Using EEG and fNIRS. In: Aswal, D.K., Yadav, S., Takatsuji, T., Rachakonda, P., Kumar, H. (eds) Handbook of Metrology and Applications. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2074-7_102

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Published: 24 August 2023
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