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Biomolecular Markers of Brain Aging

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Cognitive Aging and Brain Health

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 1419))

Abstract

Characterized by the gradual loss of physiological integrity, impaired function, and increased susceptibility to death, aging is considered the primary risk factor for major human diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. The time-dependent accumulation of cellular damage is widely considered the general cause of aging. While the mechanism of normal aging is still unresolved, researchers have identified different markers of aging, including genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient-sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, and altered intercellular communication. Theories of aging can be divided into two categories: (1) aging is a genetically programmed process, and (2) aging is a random process caused by gradual damage to the organism over time as a result of its vital activities. Aging affects the entire human body, and aging of the brain is undoubtedly different from all other organs, as neurons are highly differentiated postmitotic cells, and the lifespan of most neurons in the postnatal period is equal to the lifespan of the brain. In this chapter, we discuss the conserved mechanisms of aging that may underlie the changes observed in the aging brain, with a focus on mitochondrial function and oxidative stress, autophagy and protein turnover, insulin/IGF signaling, target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling, and sirtuin function.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China

    Min Li

  2. Beijing Aging Brain Rejuvenation Initiative (BABRI) Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China

    Min Li, Haiting An, Wenxiao Wang & Dongfeng Wei

  3. Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

    Haiting An

  4. School of Systems Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China

    Wenxiao Wang

  5. Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China

    Dongfeng Wei

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  1. Min Li
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  2. Haiting An
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  3. Wenxiao Wang
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  4. Dongfeng Wei
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  1. State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China

    Zhanjun Zhang

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Li, M., An, H., Wang, W., Wei, D. (2023). Biomolecular Markers of Brain Aging. In: Zhang, Z. (eds) Cognitive Aging and Brain Health. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1419. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1627-6_9

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