Abstract
Sleep is an integral and indispensable part of life in the animal kingdom. In the current world of 24 × 7, loaded with digital technologies, there are growing concerns about decreasing sleep quality and quantity and its effect on health. Sleep studies in animal models have offered enormous insight into the sleep regulation process; nonetheless, much more research is needed. Animals serve as an important experimental model for sleep studies because experiments on controlled sleep deprivation cannot be conducted in humans due to ethical constraints. As the techniques employed in these studies may not be familiar to all, this chapter will detail the procedures adopted for performing implantation of electrodes for sleep recording, in the rat model. Along with that, relevant methods that may assist new laboratories in establishing animal sleep laboratories are showcased. These will also provide the necessary knowledge for examining its relation with cognition and other functions to investigate the cellular/genetic basis of linked disorders.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aserinsky E, Kleitman N (1953) Regularly occurring periods of eye motility, and concomitant phenomena, during sleep. Science 118:273–274
Aswathy BS, Kumar VM, Gulia KK (2018a) Immature sleep pattern in newborn rats when dams encountered sleep restriction during pregnancy. Int J Dev Neurosci 69:60–67
Aswathy BS, Kumar VM, Gulia KK (2018b) The effects of rapid eye movement sleep deprivation during late pregnancy on newborns’s sleep. J Sleep Res 27:197–205
Ayanaw T, Temesgen M, Azagew AW, Ferede YM (2022) Sleep quality and associated factors among adult hypertensive patients attending a chronic follow up care clinic in northwest Amhara regional state referral hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia. PLoS One 7(7):e0271072. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271072
Bonnet MH, Doghramji K, Roehrs T, Stepanski EJ, Sheldon SH, Walters AS, Wise M, Chesson AL Jr (2007) The scoring of arousal in sleep: reliability, validity and alternatives. J Clin Sleep Med 3(2):133–145
Buysse DJ (2014) Sleep health: can we define it? Does it matter? Sleep 37(1):9–17
Chen Y, Tan F, Wei L, Li X, Lyu Z, Feng X, Wen Y, Huo L, He J, Dai M, Li N (2018) Sleep duration and the risk of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis including dose–response relationship. BMC Cancer 18:1149. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-018-5025-y. Published online 2018 Nov 21
Gulia KK (2012) Dynamism in activity of the neural networks in brain is the basis of sleep-wakefulness oscillations. Front Neurol 3:38
Gulia KK (2023) Effect of sleep restriction during pregnancy on fetal brain programming and neuro-cognitive development of offspring: a review. Ann Natl Acad Med Sci (India) 59:129–138. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1770157. ISSN 0379-038X
Gulia KK, Kumar VM (2018a) Sleep disorders in the elderly: a growing challenge. Psychogeriatrics 18:155–165
Gulia KK, Kumar VM (2018b) Proper sleep during pregnancy for mental health of new-born: an evidence-based appeal to policy makers. Sleep Vigil 2:97–98
Gulia KK, Kumar VM (2020) Importance of sleep for health and wellbeing amidst COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Vigil 4:49–50
Gulia KK, Kumar VM (2023a) Role of sleep in imprinting healthy aging (Chapter 8). In: Jagota A (ed) Sleep and clocks in aging and longevity, vol 18. Springer, Berlin. ISBN no 978-3-031-22467-6
Gulia KK, Kumar VM (2023b) Sleep is vital for brain and heart: post COVID-19 assessment by World Health Organization and the American Heart Association. Sleep Vigil. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41782-022-00221-4
Gulia KK, Mallick HN, Kumar VM (2005) Ambient temperature related sleep changes in rats neonatally treated with capsaicin. Physiol Behav 85:414–418
Gulia KK, Jodo E, Kawauchi A, Miki T, Kayama Y, Mallick HN, Koyama Y (2008) The septal area, site for the central regulation of penile erection during waking and REM sleep in rats: a stimulation study. Neuroscience 156:1064–1073
Gulia KK, Patel N, Radhakrishnan A, Kumar VM (2014) Reduction in ultrasonic vocalizations in pups born to rapid eye movement sleep restricted mothers in rat model. PLoS One 9(1):e84948
Gulia KK, Patel N, Kumar VM (2015) Increased ultrasonic vocalizations and risk-taking in rat pups of sleep-deprived dams. Physiol Behav 139:59–66
Gulia KK, Sivadas N, Kumar VM (2017) Reduced theta coherence and P wave ratio linked to memory deficits after sleep deprivation in rat model. Sleep Vigil 1:21–29
Gulia KK, Kayama Y, Koyama Y (2018) Assessment of the septal area neuronal activity during penile erections in rapid eye movement sleep and waking in the rats. J Physiol Sci 68:567–577
Haas L (2003) Hans Berger (1873–1941), Richard Caton (1842–1926), and electroencephalography. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 74(1):9. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.74.1.9
Jehan S, Zizi F, Pandi-Perumal SR, McFarlane SI, Jean-Louis G, Myers AK (2020) Obstructive sleep apnea, hypertension, resistant hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Sleep Med Disord 4(3):67–76. Epub 2020 Nov 23
Khubchandani M, Jagannathan NR, Mallick HN, Kumar VM (2005) Functional MRI shows activation of the medial preoptic area during sleep. NeuroImage 26(1):29–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.01.002
Kumar D, Mallick HN, Kumar VM (2009) Ambient temperature that induces maximum sleep in rats. Physiol Behav 98(1–2):186–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.05.008
Patel M, Yarlagadda H, Upadhyay S, Neupane R, Qureshi U, Raco JD, Jain R, Jain R (2023) Disturbed sleep is not good for heart: a narrative review. Curr Cardiol Rev 19(3):1–7. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573403X19666221130100141
Paxinos G, Watson C (1997) The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates, 3rd edn. Academic, San Diego
Pires GN, Benedetto L, Cortese R, Gozal D, Gulia KK, Kumar VM, Tufik S, Andersen ML (2021) Effects of sleep modulation during pregnancy in the mother and offspring—evidence from preclinical research. J Sleep Res 2:e13135. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13135
Radhakrishnan A, Gulia KK (2018) Categories of Wistar rats based on anxiety traits: a study using factor and cluster method. Ann Neurosci 25:234–240
Radhakrishnan A, Aswathy BS, Kumar VM, Gulia KK (2015) Sleep deprivation during late pregnancy produces hyperactivity and increased risk-taking behaviour in offspring. Brain Res 1596:88–98
Radhakrishnan A, Jayakumari N, Kumar VM, Gulia KK (2017) Sleep promoting potential of low dose α-Asarone in rat model. Neuropharmacology 125:13–29
Radhakrishnan A, Jayakumari N, Kumar VM, Gulia KK (2019a) α-Asarone A hypnotic with a potential for long-term use. Sleep Biol Rhythms 17:49–61
Radhakrishnan A, Jayakumari N, Kumar VM, Gulia KK (2019b) α-Asarone in management of sleep deprivation induced memory deficits and anxiety in rat model. Sleep Biol Rhythms 17:37–47
Raizen DM, Zimmerman JE, Maycock MH, Ta UD, You Y, Sundaram M, Pack AI (2008) Lethargus is a Caenorhabditis elegans sleep-like state. Nature 451(7178):569–572. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06535. Epub 2008 Jan 9
Ramar K, Malhotra RK, Carden KA, Martin JL, Abbasi-Feinberg F, Aurora RN, Kapur VK, Olson EJ, Rosen CL, Rowley JA, Shelgikar AV, Trotti LM (2021) Sleep is essential to health: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine position statement. J Clin Sleep Med 17(10):2115–2119
Rattenborg NC, de la Iglesia HO, Kempenaers B, Lesku JA, Meerlo P, Scriba MF (2017) Sleep research goes wild: new methods and approaches to investigate the ecology, evolution and functions of sleep. Philos Trans R Soc B 372:20160251. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0251
Ray B, Mallick HN, Kumar VM (2004) Changes in thermal preference, sleep-wakefulness, body temperature and locomotor activity of rats during continuous recording for 24 hours. Behav Brain Res 154(2):519–526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2004.03.021
Ray B, Mallick HN, Kumar VM (2005) Changes in sleep-wakefulness in the medial preoptic area lesioned rats: role of thermal preference. Behav Brain Res 158(1):43–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2004.08.006
Si X, Guo T, Wang Z, Fang Y, Gu L, Cao L, Yang W, Gao T, Song Z, Tian J, Yin X, Guan X, Zhou C, Wu J, Bai X, Liu X, Zhao G, Zhang M, Pu J, Zhang B (2022) Neuroimaging evidence of glymphatic system dysfunction in possible REM sleep behavior disorder and Parkinson’s disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 8:54
Sivadas N, Radhakrishnan A, Aswathy BS, Kumar VM, Gulia KK (2017) Dynamic changes in sleep pattern during post-partum in normal pregnancy in rat model. Behav Brain Res 320:264–274
Song C, Zhang R, Wang C, Fu R, Song W, Dou K, Wang S (2021) Sleep quality and risk of cancer: findings from the English longitudinal study of aging. Sleep 44(3):zsaa192. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa192
Srividya R, Mallick HN, Kumar VM (2005) The changes in thermal preference, sleep-wakefulness, body temperature and locomotor activity in the rats with medial septal lesion. Behav Brain Res 164(2):147–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2005.06.017
Vishwakarma LC, Sharma B, Singh V, Jaryal AK, Mallick HN (2021) Acute sleep deprivation elevates brain and body temperature in rats. J Sleep Res 30(2):e13030. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13030
Zhang Y, Ren R, Yang L, Zhang H, Shi Y, Okhravi HR, Vitiello MV, Sanford LD, Tang X (2022) Sleep in Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of polysomnographic findings. Transl Psychiatry 12:136
Acknowledgments
The author acknowledges the Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology for providing the in-house grant for establishing the Sleep Research facility in 2010, and the extra-mural grants for further research studies from the Cognitive Science Research Initiation program of the Department of Science and Technology, India (SR/CSI/110/2012 and SR/CSRI/102/2014). KKG expresses special gratitude to Prof. V. Mohan Kumar for making this state-of-the-art facility possible in Kerala.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gulia, K.K. (2024). Animal Models in Sleep Research. In: Vijayakumar Sreelatha, H., Patel, S., Nagarajan, P. (eds) Animal Models in Research. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0048-6_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0048-6_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-97-0047-9
Online ISBN: 978-981-97-0048-6
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)