Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Seed-Borne Diseases: Its Impact on Human and Animal Health

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Seed-Borne Diseases of Agricultural Crops: Detection, Diagnosis & Management

  • 1090 Accesses

Abstract

Healthy seed plays an important role in ensuring productivity and profitability of crops. Contamination of seed with various toxins adversely impacts human and animal health. Fungal species produce toxic metabolites called mycotoxins that contaminate staple foods and feeds. They represent an unavoidable problem due to their presence in globally consumed cereals. Mycotoxin may be hepatotoxins, nephrotoxins, and neurotoxins. Majority of mycotoxins cause suppression of the immune system, and some are carcinogenic in nature and adversely affect human and animal health and reduce livestock production. Stricter control of mycotoxins has been envisioned worldwide. While human beings are adapting to cope with environmental changes, such as food scarcity, decreased food quality, mycotoxin regulations, crop production, and climate change, fungal species are also adapting, and increased cases of mycotoxins-induced adverse health are likely to occur in the future. It is of vital importance for different countries to set mycotoxin limits and regulations taking into account both scientific and socioeconomic factors. The first limits for mycotoxins were set in the late 1960s for the aflatoxins, and by the end of 2003, several countries had developed specific limits for mycotoxins in foodstuffs and feedstuffs, and the number continues to grow. To ensure food security, we need a way to balance global mycotoxin standards which are realizable, considering limitations of producers and designing strategies to reduce mycotoxin exposure based on sound research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aldred D, Magan N (2004) The use of HACPP in the control of mycotoxins: the case of cereals. In: Magan N, Olsen M (eds) Mycotoxins in food. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, pp 139–173

    Google Scholar 

  • Allcroft R, Carnaghan RBA (1962) Groundnut toxicity. Aspergillus flavus toxin (aflatoxin) in animal products: preliminary communication. Vet Rec 74:863–864

    Google Scholar 

  • Anater A, Manyes L, Meca G et al (2016) Mycotoxins and their consequences in aquaculture: a review. Aquaculture 451:1–10

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Annison EF, Bryden WL (1998) Perspectives on ruminant nutrition and metabolism. I. Metabolism in the rumen. Nutr Res Rev 11:173–198

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (2002) Aflatoxin – a deadly hazard. In 1 May, 2002 press release of ICRISAT Hyderabad, India

    Google Scholar 

  • Arafa AS, Bloomer RJ, Wilson HR et al (1981) Susceptibility of various poultry species to dietary aflatoxin. Br Poult Sci 22:431–436

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Asao T, Buchi G, Abdel-Kader MM et al (1963) Aflatoxins B and G. J Am Chem Soc 86:1706

    Google Scholar 

  • Asquith RL (1991) Mycotoxicoses in horses. In: Smith JE, Anderson RA (eds) Mycotoxins and animal foods. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 679–688

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett JW, Klich M (2003) Mycotoxins. Clin Microbiol Rev 16(3):497–516

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bhat RV (2008) Human health problems associated with current agricultural food production. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 17(1):91–94

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bhat RV, Krishnamachari KA (1978) Food toxins and disease outbreaks in India. Arogya J Health Sci 4:92–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhat RV, Vasanthi S (2003) Mycotoxin food safety risks in developing countries. In 2020 vision for food, agriculture and the environment of International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC USA, Focus 10, brief 3/17:1–2

    Google Scholar 

  • Biomin (2011) Biomin mycotoxin survey report. Available in http://www.biomin.net

  • Bird C (2000) Detecting and controlling mycotoxins in petfoods. Technical Symposium on Mycotoxins. Alltech, Inc., Nicholasville

    Google Scholar 

  • Blunden G, Roch OG, Rogers DJ et al (1991) Mycotoxins in food. Med Lab Sci 48:271–282

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bryden WL (2007) Mycotoxins in the food chain: human health implications. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 16(Suppl. 1):95–101

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bryden WL (2009) Mycotoxins and mycotoxicoses: significance, occurrence and mitigation in the food chain. In: Ballantyne B, Marrs T, Syversen T (eds) General and applied toxicology, 3rd edn. Wiley, Chichester, pp 3529–3553

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryden WL (2012) Mycotoxin contamination of the feed supply chain: implications for animal productivity and feed security. Anim Feed Sci Technol 173:134–158

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cardona AG, Johnson NM, Philips TD et al (2014) Mycotoxins in a changing global environment – a review. Food Chem Toxicol 69:220–230

    Google Scholar 

  • CAST (Council for Agricultural Science and Technology) (2003) Mycotoxins: risk in plant, animal, and human systems. Task Force Report No. 139. Arnes, L4

    Google Scholar 

  • CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention) (2004) Outbreak of aflatoxin poisoning-Eastern and Central provinces. Kenya, January–July, 2004. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwrhtml/mm5334a4.htm

  • Char NL, Rao P, Khan I et al (1982) An outbreak of aflatoxicosis in poultry. Poult Adv 15:57–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Chintapalli R, Wilson JP, Little CR (2006) Using fungal isolation rates from pearl millet caryopses to estimate grain mold resistance. Int Sorghum and Millets Newsl 47:146–148

    Google Scholar 

  • Ciegler A (1986, April) Mycotoxins: a new class of chemical weapons. NBC Defense Technol Int, April 1986, pp 52–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Codex Alimentarius Commission ALINORM 99/12 (1998). Report of the thirtieth session of the codex committee on food additives and contaminants, The Hague, 9–13 March 1998

    Google Scholar 

  • Cramer HH (1967) Plant protection and world crop production. Bayer 20(1):524

    Google Scholar 

  • Cullen JM, Newberne PM (1994) Acute hepatotoxicity of aflatoxins. In: Eaton DL, Groopman JD (eds) The toxicology of aflatoxins: human health, veterinary, and agricultural significance. Academic Press, London, pp 1–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawson KA, Evans J, Kudupoje M (2001) Understanding the adsorption characteristics of yeast cell wall preparations associated with mycotoxin binding. In: Lyons TP, Jacques KA (eds) Science and technology in the feed industry. University Press, Nottingham, pp 169–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Dhand NK, Joshi DV, Jand SK (1998) Aflatoxins in dairy feeds/ingredients. Indian J Anim Nutr 15:285–286

    Google Scholar 

  • Diekman MA, Green ML (1992) Mycotoxins and reproduction in domestic livestock. J Anim Sci 70:1615–1627

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Egal S, Hounsa A, Gong YY et al (2005) Dietary exposure to aflatoxin from maize and groundnut in young children from Benin and Togo, West Africa. Int J Food Microbiol 104:215–224

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Enamul H, Anu PV, Jairath MS (2015). http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/commodities/tackling-afla

  • Eriksen GS, Pettersson H, Johnsen K et al (2002) Transformation of trichothecenes in ileal digesta and faeces from pigs. Arch Tierernahr 56(4):263–274

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • European Commission (EC) (2006) Setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Off J Eur Union L364:5–24 (Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fandohan P, Zoumenou D, Hounhouigan DJ et al (2005) Fate of fumonisins during processing of maize into food products in Benin. Int J Food Microbiol 98:249–259

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2004) Worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in food and feed in 2003. Food and Nutrition Paper No. 81, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2007) On-farm mycotoxin control in food and feed grain (Peter Golob), Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2014) Economic analysis of supply and demand for food up to 2030—special focus on fish and fishery products, Rome, 2014 (Audun Lem, Trond Bjorndal, Alena Lappo)

    Google Scholar 

  • FDA (Food and Drugs Administration) (1995) Section 555.400: foods—adulteration with aflatoxins. Available from http://www.fda.gov/ICECI/ComplianceManuals/CompliancePolicyGuidanceManual/ucm074555.htm

  • FDA (Food and Drugs Administration) (2011a) Guidance for industry: fumonisin levels in human foods and animal feeds. Final Guidance. Contains Nonbinding Recommendations (June 6, 2000; Revised November 9, 2001. Available in http://www.fda.gov/food/guidanceregulation/guidancedocumentsregulatoryinformation/ucm109231.htm)

  • FDA (Food and Drugs Administration) (2011b) Regulatory guidance for mycotoxins. A guide for grain elevators, feed manufacturers, grain processors and exporters. Available in http://www.ngfa.or

  • Frenich AG, Romero-González R, Aguilera-Luiz MM (2014) Comprehensive analysis of toxics (pesticides, veterinary drugs and mycotoxins) in food by UHPLC-MS. Trends Anal Chem 63:158–169

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galvano F, Piva A, Ritieni A et al (2001) Dietary strategies to counteract the effects of mycotoxins: a review. J Food Prot 64:120–131

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gamanya R, Sibanda L (2001) Survey of Fusarium moniliforme (F. verticillioides) and production of fumonisin B1 in cereal grains and oilseeds in Zimbabwe. Int J Food Microbiol 71:145–149

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ghewande MP (1997) Aflatoxin contamination of groundnut and its management in India. Aflatoxin contamination problem in groundnut in Asia. In: Mehan VK, Gowda CLL (eds) Proceedings of the first Asia working group meeting, 27–29 May 1996, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development Hanoi Vietnam and International Crops Research Institute for semi-arid tropics, Patancheru

    Google Scholar 

  • Girisham S, Rao GV, Reddy SM (1985) Mycotoxin producing fungi associated with pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides (Burm. F.) Stapf & C.E.Hubb.). Natl Acad Sci Lett 8:333–335

    Google Scholar 

  • Glavitis R, Vanyi A (1995) More important mycotoxicosis in pigs. Magy. Allatorvosak Lapja 50:407–420

    Google Scholar 

  • Guan S, He J, Young JC et al (2009) Transformation of trichothecene mycotoxins by microorganisms from fish digesta. Aquaculture 290:290–295

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guchi E (2015) Aflatoxin contamination in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) caused by Aspergillus species in Ethiopia. J Appl Environ Microbiol 3(1):11–19

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henson S, Caswell J (1999) Food safety regulation: an overview of contemporary issues. Food Policy 24:589–603

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill DS, Waller JM (1988) Pests and diseases of tropical crops-2. Handbook of pests and diseases, p 438

    Google Scholar 

  • Huchchannanavar S, Balol GB (2011) Aflatoxins in food chain and their management. Curr Biot 5(2):250–263

    Google Scholar 

  • Hussein SH, Brasel JM (2001) Toxicity, metabolism, and impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals. Toxicology 167:101–134

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huwig A, Freimund S, Käppeli O et al (2001) Mycotoxin detoxication of animal feed by different adsorbents. Toxicol Lett 122:179–188

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) (1993) Ochratoxin A. monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, some naturally occurring substances: food items and constituents, heterocyclic aromatic amines and mycotoxins, vol 56. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, pp 489–521

    Google Scholar 

  • IRRI (2009). Available at: http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org

  • Jouany JP (2007) Methods for preventing decontaminating and minimizing the toxicity of mycotoxins in feeds. Anim Feed Sci Technol 137:342–362

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kendra DF, Dyer RB (2007) Opportunities for biotechnology and policy regarding mycotoxin issues in international trade. Int J Food Microbiol 119:147–151

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kheterpal RK (2004) A critical appraisal of seed health certification and transboundary movement of seeds under WTO regime. Indian Phytopath 57(4):408–421

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimanya M, Demeulenaer B, Tiisekwa B et al (2008) Co-occurrence of aflatoxin and fumonisins in home stored maize for human consumption in rural villages of Tanzania. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 25(11):1353–1364

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kolpin DW, Schenzel J, Meyer MT et al (2014) Mycotoxins: diffuse and point source contributions of natural contaminants of emerging concern to streams. Sci Total Environ 470–471:669–676

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Konde BK, Dhage B, More BB (1980) Seed borne fungi of some pearl millet cultivars. Seed Res 8:59–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Krishnamachari KAVR, Bhat RV (1976) Poisoning of ergoty bajra (pearl millet) in man. Indian J Med Res 64(11):1624–1628

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krishnamachari KA, Bhat RV, Nagarajan V et al (1975a) Investigations into an outbreak of hepatitis in parts of Western India. Indian J Med Res 63(7):1036–1049

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krishnamachari KA, Nagarajan V, Bhat RV et al (1975b) Hepatitis due to aflatoxicosis-an outbreak in Western India. Lancet 1(7915):1061–1063

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis L, Onsongo M, Njapau H et al (2005) Aflatoxin contamination of commercial maize products during an outbreak of acute aflatoxicosis in Eastern and Central Kenya. Environ Health Perspect 113:1763–1767

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lizárraga-Paulín EG, Moreno-Martínez E, Miranda-Castro SP (2011) Aflatoxins and their impact on human and animal health: an emerging problem. In: Guevara-Gonzalez RG (ed) Aflatoxins – biochemistry and molecular biology. ISBN: 978–953–307-395-8, InTech. https://doi.org/10.5772/26196

  • Lopez-Garcia R (2001) Mycotoxin management: an integrated approach. In: de Koe WJ, Samson RA, van Egmond HP et al (eds) Mycotoxins and phycotoxins in perspective at the turn of the millennium. Proceedings of the X International IUPAC symposium on mycotoxins and phycotoxins (May 2000, Guarujá, Brazil), Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp 261–269

    Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Garcia R, Mallman CA, Pineiro M (2008) Design and management of an integrated system for ochratoxin a in the coffee production chain. Food Addit Contam 25:231–240

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mathur SK, Nath R, Mathur SB (1973) Seed borne fungi of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) and their significance. Seed Sci Technol 1:811–820

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Agriculture (2006) Eastern province annual crop report. Ministry of Agriculture, Nairobi

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Agriculture (2007) Survey on aflatoxin prevention preparedness by districts in Eastern province from 7th May to 15th June 2007. Ministry of Agriculture, Nairobi

    Google Scholar 

  • Nesbitt BF, O'kelly J, Sargeant K et al (1962) Toxic metabolites of Aspergillus flavus. Nature 195:1062–1063

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Newberne PM, Butler WH (1969) Acute and chronic effects of aflatoxin on the liver of domestic and animals: a review. Cancer Res 29(1):236–250

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ngindu A, Johnson BK, Kenya PR et al (1982) Outbreak of acute hepatitis by aflatoxin poisoning in Kenya. Lancet 319:1346–1348

    Google Scholar 

  • Oguz H (2011) A review from experimental trials on detoxification of aflatoxin in poultry feed. Eurasian J Vet Sci 27:1–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Pang VF, Pan CY (1994) The cytotoxic effects of aflatoxin B1 on swine lymphocytes in vitro. J Chin Soc Vet Sci 20:289–301

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patel TB, Boman TB, Dalal TB (1958) An epidemic of ergot poisoning through ingestion of infected Bajri (Pennisetum typhoideum) in southern part of Bombay state. Indian J Med Sci 12:257–261

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips TD (1999) Dietary clay in the chemoprevention of aflatoxin-induced disease. Toxicol Sci 52:118–126

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips S, Wareing P, Ambika D et al (1996) The mycoflora and incidence of aflatoxin, zearalenone and sterigmatocystin in dairy feed and forage samples from Eastern India and Bangladesh. Mycopathologia 133:15–21

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips TD, Lemke SL, Grant PG (2002) Characterization of clay-based enterosorbents for the prevention of aflatoxicosis. Adv Exp Med Biol 504:157–171

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips TD, Afriyie-Gyawu E, Williams J et al (2008) Reducing human exposure to aflatoxin through the use of clay: a review. Food Addit Contam 25:134–145

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prathapkumar SH, Rao VS, Paramkishan RJ et al (1997) Disease outbreak in laying hens arising from the consumption of fumonisin – contaminated food. Br Poult Sci 38:475–479

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Radmila DR, Milos ZV, Jelena BN et al (2013) Mycotoxin and their effect on human health. J Nat Sci Matica Srpska Novi Sad (124):315–324

    Google Scholar 

  • Raghavender CR, Reddy BN, Shobharani G (2007) Aflatoxin contamination of pearl millet during field and storage conditions with reference to stage of grain maturation and insect damage. Mycotoxin Res 23(4):199–209

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ranjan KS, Sinha AK (1991) Occurrence of mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in animal feed from Bihar, India. J Sci Food Agric 56:39–47

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • RASFF (2011) RASFF portal. In DG SANCO https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasffwindow/portal/

  • Reddy BN, Rani GS, Raghavender CR (2006) Ear head moulds and insect pests of pearl millet under field conditions. Indian J Multidisciplin Res 2(1):59–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Reddy ECS, Sudhakar C, Reddy NPE (2011) Aflatoxin contamination in groundnut induced by Aspergillus flavus type fungi: a critical review. Int J Appl Biol Pharm Technol 2(2):180–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigues I, Handl J, Binder EM (2011) Mycotoxin occurrence in commodities, feeds and feed ingredients sourced in the Middle East and Africa. Food Addit Contam Part B Surveill 4(3):168–179

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Shephard GS (2004) Mycotoxins worldwide: current issues in Africa. In: Barug D, Van Egmond H, Lopez-Garcia R et al (eds) Meeting the mycotoxin menace. Wageningen Academic, Wageningen, p 81–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Shephard GS (2006) Mycotoxins in the context of food risks and nutrition issues. In: Barug D, Bhatnagar D, Van Egmond HP et al (eds) The mycotoxin fact book. Wageningen Academic, Wageningen, p 21–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Shephard GS, Marasas WFO, Burger HM et al (2007) Exposure assessment for fumonisins in the former Transkei region of South Africa. Food Addit Contam 24(6):621–629

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh R, Singh Y (2004) Seed borne fungi in pearl millet and their phytopathological effects. J Mycol Plant Pathol 34(2):547–550

    Google Scholar 

  • Smedley KO (2013) Comparison of regulatory management of authorized ingredients, approval processes, and risk-assessment procedures for feed ingredients. International Feed Industry Federation, p 102

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith JE, Henderson RS (eds) (1991) Mycotoxins in animal foods. CRC Press Inc, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith EE, Kubena LF, Braithwaite RB et al (1992) Toxicological evaluation of aflatoxin and cyclopiazonic acid in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 71(4):1136–1144

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Srikantia, (1982). In better crops for food. In: CIBA Foundation for food. Pitam Book Ltd, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone R (2001) Down to the wire on bioweapons talks. Science 293:414–416

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stone R (2002) Peering into the shadows: Iraq’s bioweapons program. Science 297:1110–1112

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strosnider H, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Banziger M et al (2006) Public health strategies for reducing aflatoxin exposure in developing countries: a workgroup report. Environ Health Perspect 12:1898–1903

    Google Scholar 

  • Swanson SP, Helaszek C, Buck WB et al (1988) The role of intestinal microflora in the metabolism of trichothecene mycotoxins. Food Chem Toxicol 26:823–829

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tandon BN, Krishnamurthy L, Koshy A et al (1977) Study of an epidemic of jaundice presumably due to toxic hepatitis in North West India. Gastroenterology 72:488–494

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vaid J, Dawra RK, Sharma OP et al (1981) Chronic aflatoxicosis in cattle. Vet Hum Toxicol 23(6):436–438

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Zijden ASM, Koenlensmid WAA, Bolding J et al (1962) Aspergillus flavus and Turkey ‘X’ disease. Nature 195:1060

    Google Scholar 

  • Vasanthi S, Bhat RV (1998) Mycotoxins in foods-occurrence, health and economic significance and food control measures. Indian J Med Res 108:212–224

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walderhaug M (1992) Ciguatera. Foodborne pathogenic microorganisms and natural toxins handbook. Food and Drug Administration, U.S.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waliyar F, Reddy SV, Thakur RP (2004) Effects of mycotoxins on cereals grain feed and fodder quality. Global Theme-2, ICRISAT, Hyderabad

    Google Scholar 

  • Wild CP (2007) Aflatoxin exposure in low and middle income countries: the critical interface of agriculture and health. Food Nutr Bull 28:S372–S380

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams JH, Grubb AJ, Davis JW et al (2010) HIV and hepatocellular and esophageal carcinomas related to consumption of mycotoxin-prone foods in sab-Saharan Africa. Am J Clin Nutr 92:154–160

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu F, Miller JD, Casman EA (2005) Bt corn and mycotoxin reduction: an economic perspective. In: Abbas HK (ed) Aflatoxin and food safety. Taylor and Francis, New York, pp 459–482

    Google Scholar 

  • Zain ME (2011) Impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals. J Saudi Chem Soc 15:129–144

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zilinskas RA (1997) Iraq’s biological weapons. The past as future? J Am Med Assoc 276:418–424

    Google Scholar 

  • Zychowski KE, Hoffmann AR, Ly HJ et al (2013) The effect of aflatoxin-B1 on red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) and assessment of dietary supplementation of NovaSil for the prevention of aflatoxicosis. Toxins 5:1555–1573

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. ICAR- National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganism (NBAIM), Kushmaur, Mau Nath Bhanjan, India

    Pooja Kannojia, P. K. Sharma, Abhijeet S. Kashyap, Udai B. Singh, Deepti Malviya, Shailendra Singh & S. K. Sharma

Authors
  1. Pooja Kannojia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. P. K. Sharma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Abhijeet S. Kashyap
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Udai B. Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Deepti Malviya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Shailendra Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. S. K. Sharma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Regional Station, Karnal, Haryana, India

    Ravindra Kumar

  2. ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Regional Station, Karnal, Haryana, India

    Anuja Gupta

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Kannojia, P. et al. (2020). Seed-Borne Diseases: Its Impact on Human and Animal Health. In: Kumar, R., Gupta, A. (eds) Seed-Borne Diseases of Agricultural Crops: Detection, Diagnosis & Management. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9046-4_21

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation