Abstract
The ionosphere is a part of the Earth’s atmosphere that is partly ionized mainly by solar radiation. The ionosphere varies dynamically by various space weather phenomena and influences the radio wave propagation in the ionosphere so that communication and broadcast using the radio waves and positioning by satellite navigation system are degraded. In this chapter, we explain the ionospheric variations caused by solar flares, and geomagnetic storms, and phenomena occurring in the ionosphere at various latitudes based on the advanced observations and numerical simulations. Propagation of the radio waves in the ionosphere is also described.
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Otsuka, Y., Jin, H., Shinagawa, H., Hosokawa, K., Tsuda, T. (2023). Ionospheric Variability. In: Kusano, K. (eds) Solar-Terrestrial Environmental Prediction. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7765-7_7
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