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Heavy Metal Transporters, Phytoremediation Potential, and Biofortification

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Plant Metal and Metalloid Transporters

Abstract

For the normal growth and functioning, along with the macronutrients, plants also require essential micronutrients such as Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Ni, and Co, but they are needed in very small quantity; if the concentration and accumulation of these elements exceed the limits, it will become toxic to the plants. Here we can see the role of metal transporters; they aid in absorption, sequestration, and storage of these metals. This chapter focuses on the importance and the functions of the metal transport protein classes like CDF family, NRAMPs, ZIP family, ABC transporters, and CAX family in maintaining metal homeostasis. Another issue is that due to high concentration of heavy metals in the soil, these enter into the food chain which may pose threat to the human population; hence the context of phytoremediation becomes pertinent, which is a technique where hyperaccumulating plants/trees are grown for the removal or remediating the heavy metals present in the soil. We explain about various aspects taken into account to estimate the potential of the plant in sequestering the heavy metals from the soil, various ways of phytoremediation. Now-a-days, we are putting loads of pressure on land and resources to increase the yield of the product, but very little emphasis is given on improving (especially micronutrients) and conserving the nutritional qualities of the product; therefore, we can see that malnutrition is becoming very prominent in this era where about half of the world population suffers from the malnutrition of iron, zinc, and selenium; hence, biofortification comes into account, in which plants can be fortified either by agronomic practices or through breeding or by using biotechnological approaches.

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Abbreviations

ABC transporters:

ATP-binding cassette transporter

Ag2+:

Gold

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

BCF:

Bioconcentration factor

Ca:

Calcium

CAX:

Cation exchanger

Cd2+:

Cadmium

CDF:

Cation diffusion facilitators

CDF:

Cation diffusion facilitators

Co2+:

Cobalt

COPT:

Copper transporters

COPT:

Copper transporters

Cr:

Chromium

Cs:

Cesium

Cu2+:

Copper

dgl:

Deglycyrrhizinated licorice

DW:

Dry weight

EDTA:

Ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid

Fe2+:

Nickel

frd3:

Ferric reductase defective 3

g:

Gram

GLS:

Glucosinolates

GM:

Genetically modified

Hg2+:

Mercury

HM:

Heavy metal

I:

Iodine

Mg:

Magnesium

mg:

Milligrams

Mn2+:

Manganese

Mo:

Molybdenum

MOT1:

Molybdate transporter type 1

Ni2+:

Iron

NRAMP:

Natural resistance-associated macrophage proteins

Pb2+:

Lead

Se:

Selenium

Sr:

Strontium

U:

Uranium

YSL transporters:

Yellow stripe-like proteins

ZIP:

Zinc resistance transporter, Iron-resistance transporter-like proteins

Zn2+:

Zinc

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agronomy, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India

    S. Saharsha Reddy & Prasann Kumar

  2. Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India

    Padmanabh Dwivedi

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  1. S. Saharsha Reddy
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  2. Prasann Kumar
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani, K. K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India

    Kundan Kumar

  2. Institute of Environment & Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Sudhakar Srivastava

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Reddy, S.S., Kumar, P., Dwivedi, P. (2022). Heavy Metal Transporters, Phytoremediation Potential, and Biofortification. In: Kumar, K., Srivastava, S. (eds) Plant Metal and Metalloid Transporters. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6103-8_18

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