Abstract
The oxygen evolution reaction (OER), one of the semi-reactions of water electrolysis, is expected to play an important role in the conversion and storage of energy in the future. The sluggish four-electron transfer reaction has become the primary bottleneck of electrochemical water splitting, which can be significantly alleviated with the development of low-cost and durable OER catalysts, fortunately. Carbon-based composite nanomaterials can function well in alkaline environments because of their excellent mechanical and electrical properties, low cost, high abundance, and large surface area. This chapter discusses recent breakthroughs in carbon-based OER electrocatalysts, mainly including metal-free catalysts, atomically dispersed metallic carbon, metal-encapsulated carbon nanoparticles, and carbon nanoparticles supported by metal nanoparticles. The knowledge offered in this chapter can be used to rationally design OER carbon-based composite nanomaterial catalysts, which may help shed light on the future of carbon-based OER development.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
M.G. Schultz, T. Diehl, G.P. Brasseur, W. Zittel, Air pollution and climate-forcing impacts of a global hydrogen economy. Science 302, 624–627 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1089527
Z. Wang, Z. Lin, P. Diao, Hybrids of iridium-cobalt phosphates as a highly efficient electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction in neutral solution. Chem. Commun. 55, 3000–3003 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cc10278c
Z. Yang, J. Zhang, M.C. Kintner-Meyer, X. Lu, D. Choi, J.P. Lemmon, J. Liu, Electrochemical energy storage for green grid. Chem. Rev. 111, 3577–3613 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1021/cr100290v
N.L. Panwar, S.C. Kaushik, S. Kothari, Role of renewable energy sources in environmental protection: A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 15, 1513–1524 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.11.037
B. Li, M.I. Setyawati, H. Zou, J. Dong, H. Luo, N. Li, D.T. Leong, Emerging 0D transition-metal dichalcogenides for sensors, biomedicine, and clean energy. Small 13, 1700527 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201700527
C. Le Quéré, M.R. Raupach, J.G. Canadell, G. Marland, L. Bopp, P. Ciais, T.J. Conway, S.C. Doney, R.A. Feely, P. Foster, P. Friedlingstein, K. Gurney, R.A. Houghton, J.I. House, C. Huntingford, P.E. Levy, M.R. Lomas, J. Majkut, N. Metzl, J.P. Ometto, G.P. Peters, I.C. Prentice, J.T. Randerson, S.W. Running, J.L. Sarmiento, U. Schuster, S. Sitch, T. Takahashi, N. Viovy, G.R. van der Werf, F.I. Woodward, Trends in the sources and sinks of carbon dioxide. Nat. Geosci. 2, 831–836 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo689
W. Stedman, H. Kang, S. Lin, J.L. Kissil, M.S. Bartolomei, P.M. Lieberman, The art of splitting water. Nature 27, 654–666 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1038/451778a
J. Song, Z.-F. Huang, L. Pan, K. Li, X. Zhang, L. Wang, J.-J. Zou, Review on selective hydrogenation of nitroarene by catalytic, photocatalytic and electrocatalytic reactions. Appl. Catal. B 227, 386–408 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.01.052
L. Zhang, M. Zhou, A. Wang, T. Zhang, Selective hydrogenation over supported metal catalysts: from nanoparticles to single atoms. Chem. Rev. 120, 683–733 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00230
N. Ji, T. Zhang, M. Zheng, A. Wang, H. Wang, X. Wang, J.G. Chen, Direct catalytic conversion of cellulose into ethylene glycol using nickel-promoted tungsten carbide catalysts. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47, 8510–8513 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200803233
J.C. Serrano-Ruiz, R. Luque, A. Sepulveda-Escribano, Transformations of biomass-derived platform molecules: From high added-value chemicals to fuels via aqueous-phase processing. Chem. Soc. Rev. 40, 5266–5281 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1039/c1cs15131b
S. Yang, Y. Gong, J. Zhang, L. Zhan, L. Ma, Z. Fang, R. Vajtai, X. Wang, P.M. Ajayan, Exfoliated graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets as efficient catalysts for hydrogen evolution under visible light. Adv. Mater. 25, 2452–2456 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201204453
R. Subbaraman, D. Tripkovic, K.C. Chang, D. Strmcnik, A.P. Paulikas, P. Hirunsit, M. Chan, J. Greeley, V. Stamenkovic, N.M. Markovic, Trends in activity for the water electrolyser reactions on 3d M(Ni Co, Fe, Mn) hydr(oxy)oxide catalysts. Nat. Mater. 11, 550–557 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3313
B.M. Hunter, H.B. Gray, A.M. Muller, Earth-abundant heterogeneous water oxidation catalysts. Chem. Rev. 116, 14120–14136 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00398
C. Spori, J.T.H. Kwan, A. Bonakdarpour, D.P. Wilkinson, P. Strasser, The stability challenges of oxygen evolving catalysts: Towards a common fundamental understanding and mitigation of catalyst degradation. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 56, 5994–6021 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201608601
J. Song, C. Wei, Z. Huang, C. Liu, L. Zeng, X. Wang, Z. Xu, A review on fundamentals for designing oxygen evolution electrocatalysts. Chem. Soc. Rev. 49, 2196–2214 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9cs00607a
H.-F. Wang, Q. Xu, Materials design for rechargeable metal-air batteries. Matter 1, 565–595 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2019.05.008
L. Zhang, J. Xiao, H. Wang, M. Shao, Carbon-based electrocatalysts for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions. ACS Catal. 7, 7855–7865 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.7b02718
N.C.S. Selvam, L. Du, B. Xia, P.J. Yoo, B. You, Reconstructed water oxidation electrocatalysts: The impact of surface dynamics on intrinsic activities. Adv. Func. Mater. 31, 2008190 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202008190
N.T. Suen, S.F. Hung, Q. Quan, N. Zhang, Y.J. Xu, H.M. Chen, Electrocatalysis for the oxygen evolution reaction: recent development and future perspectives. Chem. Soc. Rev. 46, 337–365 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/c6cs00328a
X. Rong, J. Parolin, A.M. Kolpak, A fundamental relationship between reaction mechanism and stability in metal oxide catalysts for oxygen evolution. ACS Catal. 6, 1153–1158 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.5b02432
D.A. Kuznetsov, M.A. Naeem, P.V. Kumar, P.M. Abdala, A. Fedorov, C.R. Muller, Tailoring lattice oxygen binding in ruthenium pyrochlores to enhance oxygen evolution activity. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142, 7883–7888 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.0c01135
J.H. Montoya, L.C. Seitz, P. Chakthranont, A. Vojvodic, T.F. Jaramillo, J.K. Norskov, Materials for solar fuels and chemicals. Nat. Mater. 16, 70–81 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4778
A. Damjanovic, B. Jovanovic, Anodic oxide films as barriers to charge transfer in O2 evolution at Pt in acid solutions. J. Electrochem. Soc. 123, 374–381 (1976). https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2132828
T. Binninger, R. Mohamed, K. Waltar, E. Fabbri, P. Levecque, R. Kotz, T.J. Schmidt, Thermodynamic explanation of the universal correlation between oxygen evolution activity and corrosion of oxide catalysts. Sci. Rep. 5, 12167 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep12167
A. Grimaud, W. Hong, Y. Shao-Horn, J.M. Tarascon, Anionic redox processes for electrochemical devices. Nat. Mater. 15, 121–126 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4551
B. Cao, G.M. Veith, J.C. Neuefeind, R.R. Adzic, P.G. Khalifah, Mixed close-packed cobalt molybdenum nitrides as non-noble metal electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 19186–19192 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja4081056
W. Zhou, J. Zhou, Y. Zhou, J. Lu, K. Zhou, L. Yang, Z. Tang, L. Li, S. Chen, N-doped carbon-wrapped cobalt nanoparticles on N-doped graphene nanosheets for high-efficiency hydrogen production. Chem. Mater. 27, 2026–2032 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b00331
C. Lv, Q. Yang, Q. Huang, Z. Huang, H. Xia, C. Zhang, Phosphorus doped single wall carbon nanotubes loaded with nanoparticles of iron phosphide and iron carbide for efficient hydrogen evolution. J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 13336–13343 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ta04329a
S. Fu, C. Zhu, J. Song, M.H. Engelhard, X. Li, D. Du, Y. Lin, Highly ordered mesoporous bimetallic phosphides as efficient oxygen evolution electrocatalysts. ACS Energy Lett. 1, 792–796 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.6b00408
H. Wang, Z. Lu, S. Xu, D. Kong, J.J. Cha, G. Zheng, P.C. Hsu, K. Yan, D. Bradshaw, F.B. Prinz, Y. Cui, Electrochemical tuning of vertically aligned MoS2 nanofilms and its application in improving hydrogen evolution reaction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 110, 19701–19706 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1316792110
S. Sun, Y. Sun, Y. Zhou, S. Xi, X. Ren, B. Huang, H. Liao, L.P. Wang, Y. Du, Z.J. Xu, Shifting oxygen charge towards octahedral metal: a way to promote water oxidation on cobalt spinel oxides. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 58, 6042–6047 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201902114
J. Lai, A. Nsabimana, R. Luque, G. Xu, 3D porous carbonaceous electrodes for electrocatalytic applications. Joule 2, 76–93 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2017.10.005
W. Xiao, J. Zhu, L. Han, S. Liu, J. Wang, Z. Wu, W. Lei, C. Xuan, H.L. Xin, D. Wang, Pt skin on Pd-Co-Zn/C ternary nanoparticles with enhanced Pt efficiency toward ORR. Nanoscale 8, 14793–14802 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/c6nr03944h
Y. Zhao, R. Nakamura, K. Kamiya, S. Nakanishi, K. Hashimoto, Nitrogen-doped carbon nanomaterials as non-metal electrocatalysts for water oxidation. Nat. Commun. 4, 2390 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3390
L. Yang, S. Jiang, Y. Zhao, L. Zhu, S. Chen, X. Wang, Q. Wu, J. Ma, Y. Ma, Z. Hu, Boron-doped carbon nanotubes as metal-free electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50, 7132–7135 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201101287
B. Lu, J. Du, T. Sheng, N. Tian, J. Xiao, L. Liu, B. Xu, Z. Zhou, S. Sun, Hydrogen adsorption-mediated synthesis of concave Pt nanocubes and their enhanced electrocatalytic activity. Nanoscale 8, 11559–11564 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/c6nr02349e
Z. Liu, F. Peng, H. Wang, H. Yu, W. Zheng, J. Yang, Phosphorus-doped graphite layers with high electrocatalytic activity for the O2 reduction in an alkaline medium. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50, 3257–3261 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201006768
J. Zhang, L. Dai, Nitrogen, phosphorus, and fluorine tri-doped graphene as a multifunctional catalyst for self-powered electrochemical water splitting. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55, 13296–13300 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201607405
K. Gong, F. Du, Z. Xia, M. Durstock, L. Dai, Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube arrays with high electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction. Science 323, 760–764 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1168049
J. Shui, M. Wang, F. Du, L. Dai, N-doped carbon nanomaterials are durable catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in acidic fuel cells. Sci. Adv. 1, e1400129 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1400129
J. Zhang, Z. Zhao, Z. Xia, L. Dai, A metal-free bifunctional electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions. Nat. Nanotechnol. 10, 444–452 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2015.48
Y. Zhu, Y. Jing, A. Vasileff, T. Heine, S. Qiao, 3D dynergistically active carbon nanofibers for improved oxygen evolution. Adv. Energy Mater. 7, 1602928 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201602928
H. Jiang, J. Gu, X. Zheng, M. Liu, X. Qiu, L. Wang, W. Li, Z. Chen, X. Ji, J. Li, Defect-rich and ultrathin N doped carbon nanosheets as advanced trifunctional metal-free electrocatalysts for the ORR. OER and HER, Energy and Environmental Sciences 12, 322–333 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ee03276a
C. Gao, J. Low, R. Long, T. Kong, J. Zhu, Y. Xiong, Heterogeneous single-atom photocatalysts: fundamentals and applications. Chem. Rev. 120, 12175–12216 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00840
J. Cordon, G. Jimenez-Oses, J.M. Lopez-de-Luzuriaga, M. Monge, The key role of Au-substrate interactions in catalytic gold subnanoclusters. Nat. Commun. 8, 1657 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01675-1
J. Guo, J. Huo, Y. Liu, W. Wu, Y. Wang, M. Wu, H. Liu, G. Wang, Nitrogen-doped porous carbon supported nonprecious metal single-atom electrocatalysts: From synthesis to application. Small Methods 3, 1900159 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.201900159
Y. Chen, S. Ji, C. Chen, Q. Peng, D. Wang, Y. Li, Single-atom catalysts: Synthetic strategies and electrochemical applications. Joule 2, 1242–1264 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2018.06.019
J. Hong, C. Jin, J. Yuan, Z. Zhang, Atomic defects in two-dimensional materials: From single-atom spectroscopy to functionalities in opto-/electronics, nanomagnetism, and catalysis. Adv. Mater. 29, 1606434 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201606434
B. Li, C. Zhao, S. Chen, J. Liu, X. Chen, L. Song, Q. Zhang, Framework-porphyrin-derived single-atom bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts and their applications in Zn-air batteries. Adv. Mater. 31, e1900592 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201900592
L. Cao, Q. Luo, W. Liu, Y. Lin, X. Liu, Y. Cao, W. Zhang, Y. Wu, J. Yang, T. Yao, S. Wei, Identification of single-atom active sites in carbon-based cobalt catalysts during electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Nat. Catal. 2, 134–141 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41929-018-0203-5
T. Maschmeyer, F. Rey, G. Sankar, J.M. Thomas, Heterogeneous catalysts obtained by grafting metallocene complexes onto mesoporous silica. Nature 378, 159–162 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1038/378159a0
B. Qiao, A. Wang, X. Yang, L.F. Allard, Z. Jiang, Y. Cui, J. Liu, J. Li, T. Zhang, Single-atom catalysis of CO oxidation using Pt1/FeOx. Nat. Chem. 3, 634–641 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1095
M. Jahan, Z. Liu, K.P. Loh, A graphene oxide and copper-centered metal organic framework composite as a tri-functional catalyst for HER OER, and ORR. Adv. Funct. Mater. 23, 5363–5372 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201300510
Y. Ding, A. Klyushin, X. Huang, T. Jones, D. Teschner, F. Girgsdies, T. Rodenas, R. Schlogl, S. Heumann, Cobalt-bridged ionic liquid polymer on a carbon nanotube for enhanced oxygen evolution reaction activity. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 57, 3514–3518 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201711688
H. Fei, J. Dong, Y. Feng, C.S. Allen, C. Wan, B. Volosskiy, M. Li, Z. Zhao, Y. Wang, H. Sun, P. An, W. Chen, Z. Guo, C. Lee, D. Chen, I. Shakir, M. Liu, T. Hu, Y. Li, A.I. Kirkland, X. Duan, Y. Huang, General synthesis and definitive structural identification of MN4C4 single-atom catalysts with tunable electrocatalytic activities. Nat. Catal. 1, 63–72 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41929-017-0008-y
Y. Hou, M. Qiu, M.G. Kim, P. Liu, G. Nam, T. Zhang, X. Zhuang, B. Yang, J. Cho, M. Chen, C. Yuan, L. Lei, X. Feng, Atomically dispersed nickel-nitrogen-sulfur species anchored on porous carbon nanosheets for efficient water oxidation. Nat. Commun. 10, 1392 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09394-5
H. Zhang, Y. Liu, T. Chen, J. Zhang, J. Zhang, X.W.D. Lou, Unveiling the activity origin of electrocatalytic oxygen evolution over isolated Ni atoms supported on a N-doped carbon matrix. Adv. Mater. 31, e1904548 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201904548
Y. Li, Z. Wu, P. Lu, X. Wang, W. Liu, Z. Liu, J. Ma, W. Ren, Z. Jiang, X. Bao, High-valence nickel single-atom catalysts coordinated to oxygen sites for extraordinarily activating oxygen evolution reaction. Adv. Sci. 7, 1903089 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201903089
L. Bai, C.S. Hsu, D.T.L. Alexander, H.M. Chen, X. Hu, A cobalt-iron double-atom catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 141, 14190–14199 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b05268
X. Han, X. Ling, D. Yu, D. Xie, L. Li, S. Peng, C. Zhong, N. Zhao, Y. Deng, W. Hu, Atomically dispersed binary Co-Ni sites in nitrogen-doped hollow carbon nanocubes for reversible oxygen reduction and evolution. Adv. Mater. 31, e1905622 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201905622
W. Zhou, T. Xiong, C. Shi, J. Zhou, K. Zhou, N. Zhu, L. Li, Z. Tang, S. Chen, Bioreduction of precious metals by microorganism: efficient gold@N-doped carbon electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55, 8416–8420 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201602627
Y. Xu, W. Tu, B. Zhang, S. Yin, Y. Huang, M. Kraft, R. Xu, Nickel nanoparticles encapsulated in Ffew-layer nitrogen-doped graphene derived from metal-organic frameworks as efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water splitting. Adv. Mater. 29. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201605957
Z. Liang, N. Kong, C. Yang, W. Zhang, H. Zheng, H. Lin, R. Cao, Highly curved nanostructure-coated Co, N-doped carbon materials for oxygen electrocatalysis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60, 12759–12764 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202101562
T. Wang, J. Liang, Z. Zhao, S. Li, G. Lu, Z. Xia, C. Wang, J. Luo, J. Han, C. Ma, Y. Huang, Q. Li, Sub-6 nm fully ordered L10-Pt-Ni-Co nanoparticles enhance oxygen reduction via Co doping induced ferromagnetism enhancement and optimized surface strain. Adv. Energy Mater. 9, 1803771 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201803771
X. Hao, Z. Jiang, B. Zhang, X. Tian, C. Song, L. Wang, T. Maiyalagan, X. Hao, Z.J. Jiang, N-doped carbon nanotubes derived from graphene oxide with embedment of FeCo nanoparticles as bifunctional air electrode for rechargeable liquid and flexible all-solid-state zinc-air batteries. Adv. Sci. 8, 2004572 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202004572
X. Han, C. Yu, Y. Niu, Z. Wang, Y. Kang, Y. Ren, H. Wang, H.S. Park, J. Qiu, Full bulk-structure reconstruction into amorphorized cobalt-iron oxyhydroxide nanosheet electrocatalysts for greatly improved electrocatalytic activity. Small Methods 4, 2000546 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202000546
J. Cao, K. Wang, J. Chen, C. Lei, B. Yang, Z. Li, L. Lei, Y. Hou, K. Ostrikov, Nitrogen-doped carbon-encased bimetallic selenide for high-performance water electrolysis. Nano-Micro Lett. 11, 67 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-019-0299-4
K. Xu, H. Ding, H. Lv, P. Chen, X. Lu, H. Cheng, T. Zhou, S. Liu, X. Wu, C. Wu, Y. Xie, Dual electrical-behavior regulation on electrocatalysts realizing enhanced electrochemical water oxidation. Adv. Mater. 28, 3326–3332 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201505732
Y. Liang, Y. Li, H. Wang, J. Zhou, J. Wang, T. Regier, H. Dai, Co3O4 nanocrystals on graphene as a synergistic catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction. Nat. Mater. 10, 780–786 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3087
T. Li, Y. Lv, J. Su, Y. Wang, Q. Yang, Y. Zhang, J. Zhou, L. Xu, D. Sun, Y. Tang, Anchoring CoFe2O4 nanoparticles on N-doped carbon nanofibers for high-performance oxygen evolution reaction. Adv. Sci. 4, 1700226 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201700226
D.M. Morales, M.A. Kazakova, S. Dieckhöfer, A.G. Selyutin, G.V. Golubtsov, W. Schuhmann, J. Masa, Trimetallic Mn-Fe-Ni oxide nanoparticles supported on multi-walled carbon nanotubes as high-performance bifunctional ORR/OER electrocatalyst in alkaline media. Adv. Func. Mater. 30, 1905992 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201905992
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Liu, M., Xu, S., Lu, BA. (2022). Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Oxygen Evolution Reaction. In: Zhang, JN. (eds) Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Energy Conversion and Storage. Springer Series in Materials Science, vol 325. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4625-7_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4625-7_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-19-4624-0
Online ISBN: 978-981-19-4625-7
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)