Abstract
The computing everywhere paradigm is paving the way for the pervasive diffusion of tiny devices (such as Internet-of-Things or edge computing devices) endowed with intelligent abilities. Achieving this goal requires machine and deep learning solutions to be completely redesigned to fit the severe technological constraints on computation, memory, and power consumption typically characterizing these tiny devices. The aim of this paper is to explore tiny machine learning (TinyML) and introduce tiny deep learning (TinyDL) for the design, development, and deployment of machine and deep learning solutions for (an ecosystem of) tiny devices, hence supporting intelligent and pervasive applications following the computing everywhere paradigm.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
- 1.
This issue will be addressed in Sect. 5 by introducing on-device learning mechanisms for ML and DL.
- 2.
What is described here can easily be extended to other families of DL solutions.
- 3.
Here, 242 Kb is the memory required to store all of the weights of all of the processing layers, whereas 37 Kb is the memory required to store the intermediate processing results.
References
Alippi C, Disabato S, Roveri M (2018) April) Moving convolutional neural networks to embedded systems: the AlexNet and VGG-16 Case. In: 17th ACM/IEEE International conference on information processing in sensor networks (IPSN). IEEE, Porto, pp 212–223
Alippi C, Roveri M (2017) The (Not) far-away path to smart cyber-physical systems: an information-centric framework. Computer 50(4):38–47
Cai H, Gan C, Zhu L, Han S (2020) Tiny transfer learning: towards memory-efficient on-device learning
Canonaco G, Bergamasco A, Mongelluzzo A, Roveri M (2021) Adaptive federated learning in presence of concept drift. In: 2021 International joint conference on neural networks (IJCNN). IEEE, New York, pp 1–7
Disabato S, Roveri M (2018) Reducing the computation load of convolutional neural networks through gate classification. In: 2018 International joint conference on neural networks (IJCNN). IEEE, New York, pp 1–8
Disabato S, Roveri M (2020) Incremental on-device tiny machine learning. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International workshop on challenges in artificial intelligence and machine learning for internet of things, pp 7–13
Disabato S, Roveri M, Alippi C (2021) Distributed deep convolutional neural networks for the internet-of-things. IEEE Trans Comput
Ditzler G, Roveri M, Alippi C, Polikar R (2015) Learning in nonstationary environments: a survey. IEEE Comput Intell Maga 10(4):12–25
Falbo V, Apicella T, Aurioso D, Danese L, Bellotti F, Berta R, Gloria AD (2019) Analyzing machine learning on mainstream microcontrollers. In: International conference on applications in electronics pervading industry, environment and society. Springer, Berlin, pp 103–108
Frankle J, Carbin M (2018) The lottery ticket hypothesis: finding sparse, trainable neural networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:1803.03635
Fukushima K (1980) Neocognitron: a self-organizing neural network model for a mechanism of pattern recognition unaffected by shift in position. Biol Cybern 36:193–202
Gholami A, Kim S, Dong Z, Yao Z, Mahoney MW, Keutzer K (2021) A survey of quantization methods for efficient neural network inference. arXiv preprint arXiv:2103.13630
Higginbotham S (2019) Machine learning on the edge-[internet of everything]. IEEE Spectrum 57(1):20
Howard AG, Zhu M, Chen B, Kalenichenko D, Wang W, Weyand T, Andreetto M, Adam H (2017) Mobilenets: efficient convolutional neural networks for mobile vision applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:1704.04861
Hu D, Krishnamachari B (2020) Fast and accurate streaming CNN inference via communication compression on the edge. In: 2020 IEEE/ACM fifth international conference on internet-of-things design and implementation (IoTDI). IEEE, New York, pp 157–163
Iandola FN, Han S, Moskewicz MW, Ashraf K, Dally WJ, Keutzer K (2016) Squeezenet: Alexnet-level accuracy with 50\(\times \) fewer parameters and <0.5 mb model size. arXiv preprint arXiv:1602.07360
Ivakhnenko AG (1971) Polynomial theory of complex systems. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern 4:364–378
Kephart JO, Chess DM (2003) The vision of autonomic computing. Computer 36(1):41–50
Khan LU, Saad W, Han Z, Hossain E, Hong CS (2021) Federated learning for internet of things: recent advances, taxonomy, and open challenges. IEEE Commun Surv Tutorials
Kolda TG, Bader BW (2009) Tensor decompositions and applications. SIAM Review 51(3):455–500
Konečnỳ J, McMahan B, Ramage D (2015) Federated optimization: distributed optimization beyond the datacenter. arXiv preprint arXiv:1511.03575
Krizhevsky A, Sutskever I, Hinton GE (2012) Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. Adv Neural Inf Process Syst 25
Lai L, Suda N, Chandra V (2018) CMSIS-NN: efficient neural network kernels for ARM Cortex-M CPUs. arXiv preprint arXiv:1801.06601
LeCun Y, Boser B, Denker JS, Henderson D, Howard RE, Hubbard W, Jackel LD (1989) Backpropagation applied to handwritten zip code recognition. Neural Comput 1(4):541–551
LeCun Y, Bottou L, Bengio Y, Haffner P (1998) Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition. Proc IEEE 86(11):2278–2324
Liang T, Glossner J, Wang L, Shi S, Zhang X (2021) Pruning and quantization for deep neural network acceleration: a survey. Neurocomputing 461:370–403
Liu J, Tripathi S, Kurup U, Shah M (2020) Pruning algorithms to accelerate convolutional neural networks for edge applications: a survey. arXiv preprint arXiv:2005.04275
Liu W, Wang Z, Liu X, Zeng N, Liu Y, Alsaadi FE (2017) A survey of deep neural network architectures and their applications. Neurocomputing 234:11–26
McMahan B, Moore E, Ramage D, Hampson S, Arcas BA (2017) Communication-efficient learning of deep networks from decentralized data. In: Artificial intelligence and statistics. PMLR, pp 1273–1282
Nagel M, Fournarakis M, Amjad RA, Bondarenko Y, van Baalen M, Blankevoort T (2021) A white paper on neural network quantization. arXiv preprint arXiv:2106.08295
Pouyanfar S, Sadiq S, Yan Y, Tian H, Tao Y, Reyes MP, Shyu ML, Chen SC, Iyengar SS (2018) A survey on deep learning: algorithms, techniques, and applications. ACM Comput Surveys (CSUR) 51(5):1–36
Ren H, Anicic D, Runkler TA (2021) Tinyol: Tinyml with online-learning on microcontrollers. In: 2021 International joint conference on neural networks (IJCNN). IEEE, New York, pp 1–8
Reuther A, Michaleas P, Jones M, Gadepally V, Samsi S, Kepner J (2019) Survey and benchmarking of machine learning accelerators. In: 2019 IEEE high performance extreme computing conference (HPEC). IEEE, New York, pp 1–9
Sanchez-Iborra R, Skarmeta AF (2020) TinyMLL-enabled frugal smart objects: challenges and opportunities. IEEE Circuits Syst Maga 20(3):4–18
Scardapane S, Scarpiniti M, Baccarelli E, Uncini A (2020) Why should we add early exits to neural networks? Cogn Comput 12(5):954–966
Shakarami A, Ghobaei-Arani M, Shahidinejad A (2020) A survey on the computation offloading approaches in mobile edge computing: a machine learning-based perspective. Comput Networks 182:107496
STMicroelectronics: X-cube-ai (2021) https://www.st.com/en/embedded-software/x-cube-ai.html
Sze V, Chen YH, Yang TJ, Emer JS (2017) Efficient processing of deep neural networks: a tutorial and survey. Proc IEEE 105(12):2295–2329
Szegedy C, Vanhoucke V, Ioffe S, Shlens J, Wojna Z (2016) Rethinking the inception architecture for computer vision. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 2818–2826
Teerapittayanon S, McDanel B, Kung HT (2017) Distributed deep neural networks over the cloud, the edge and end devices. In: 2017 IEEE 37th international conference on distributed computing systems (ICDCS). IEEE, New York, pp 328–339
Verbraeken J, Wolting M, Katzy J, Kloppenburg J, Verbelen T, Rellermeyer JS (2020) A survey on distributed machine learning. ACM Comput Surveys (CSUR) 53(2):1–33
Warden P, Situnayake D (2019) TinyML. O’Reilly Media (Incorporated)
Xu R, Wunsch D (2005) Survey of clustering algorithms. IEEE Trans Neural Networks 16(3):645–678
Yang Q, Liu Y, Chen T, Tong Y (2019) Federated machine learning: concept and applications. ACM Trans Intell Syst Technol (TIST) 10(2):1–19
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Roveri, M. (2023). Is Tiny Deep Learning the New Deep Learning?. In: Buyya, R., Hernandez, S.M., Kovvur, R.M.R., Sarma, T.H. (eds) Computational Intelligence and Data Analytics. Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies, vol 142. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3391-2_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3391-2_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-19-3390-5
Online ISBN: 978-981-19-3391-2
eBook Packages: Intelligent Technologies and RoboticsIntelligent Technologies and Robotics (R0)