Abstract
Machine translation has emerged as a promising research area, attracting considerable interest from researchers all over the world. Many techniques have been developed for machine translation of various languages around the world, which can be used alone or in combination. Besides that, there are several languages, including Kashmiri, in which little work has been done in terms of machine translation. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the Kashmiri language, including its history, character set, and writing systems. This paper presents a brief introduction to machine translation and core issues associated with machine translation, with Kashmiri as a participating language. The study presented in this paper will be extremely useful to researchers involved in machine translation of the Kashmiri language.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Nye MJ (2016) Speaking in tongues: science’s centuries-long hunt for a common language. Distillations 2(1):40–43
Dabre R, Chu C, Kunchukuttan A (2020) A survey of multilingual neural machine translation. ACM Comput Surv (CSUR) 53(5):1–38
Goyal V, Kumar S, Sharma DM (2020, July) Efficient neural machine translation for low-resource languages via exploiting related languages. In: Proceedings of the 58th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics: student research workshop, pp 162–168
Rubino R, Marie B, Dabre R, Fujita A, Utiyama M, Sumita E (2020) Extremely low-resource neural machine translation for Asian languages. Mach Transl 34(4):347–382
Kuwanto G, Akyürek AF, Tourni IC, Li S, Wijaya D (2021) Low-resource machine translation for low-resource languages: leveraging comparable data, code-switching and compute resources. arXiv preprint arXiv:2103.13272
Kashmiri language. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_language. Last accessed 26 Nov 2020
Koshur. An introduction to spoken Kashmiri. https://www.koshur.org/. Last accessed 23 Nov 2020
Snedden C (2015) Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris. Oxford University Press
Shakil M. Languages of erstwhile state of Jammu Kashmir
The Sharada script: origin and development. http://www.koausa.org/Languages/Sharda.html. Last accessed 23 Nov 2020
Kashmiri
. https://omniglot.com/writing/kashmiri.htm. Last accessed 12 May 2021Bashir R, Quadri S (2013, December) Identification of Kashmiri script in a bilingual document image. In: 2013 IEEE Second international conference on image information processing (ICIIP-2013). IEEE, pp 575–579
Kashmiri language: roots, evolution and affinity. http://www.koausa.org/Languages/Shashi.html. Last accessed 21 Nov 2020
Constitutional provisions relating to Eighth schedule. https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/EighthSchedule_19052017.pdf. Last accessed 14 June 2021
The Jammu and Kashmir official languages bill, 2020. http://164.100.47.4/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/PassedLoksabha/124-C_2020_LS_Eng.pdf. Last accessed 10 Dec 2021
Kashmiri made compulsory subject in schools. https://www.oneindia.com/2008/11/01/kashmiri-made-compulsory-subject-in-schools1225558278.html. Last accessed 11 May 2021
Patel R, Pimpale P, Sasikumar M (2019) Machine translation in Indian languages: challenges and resolution. J Intell Syst 28(3):437–445. https://doi.org/10.1515/jisys-2018-0014
Sinha K, Mahesh R, Thakur A (2005) Translation divergence in English-Hindi MT. In: Proceedings of the 10th EAMT conference: practical applications of machine translation
Murthy VR, Kunchukuttan A, Bhattacharyya P (2018) Addressing word-order divergence in multilingual neural machine translation for extremely low resource languages. arXiv preprint arXiv:1811.00383
. Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Lone, N.A., Giri, K.J., Bashir, R. (2022). Issues in Machine Translation—A Case Study of the Kashmiri Language. In: Skala, V., Singh, T.P., Choudhury, T., Tomar, R., Abul Bashar, M. (eds) Machine Intelligence and Data Science Applications. Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies, vol 132. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2347-0_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2347-0_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-19-2346-3
Online ISBN: 978-981-19-2347-0
eBook Packages: Intelligent Technologies and RoboticsIntelligent Technologies and Robotics (R0)