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Microorganisms in Pathogenesis and Management of Graves’ Disease

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Role of Microorganisms in Pathogenesis and Management of Autoimmune Diseases

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Abstract

Graves’ disease (GD) is an organ-specific autoimmune disorder associated with serum antithyroid-stimulating hormone receptor autoantibodies, and it is the most frequent cause of hyperthyroidism in Western countries. The not entirely known GD risk factors are comprised of genetic predisposition and interactions between endogenous and environmental factors. Several papers evaluated whether infectious agents may trigger GD development, with discordant results. It is recognized that Helicobacter pylori and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are the most important microorganisms associated with thyroid autoimmunity and those with more reported information. It has been suggested that HCV is able to enter thyroid cells stimulating the release of Th1 chemokines (CXCL10, CXCL11, and CXCL9) and other cytokines (interleukin-8, etc.) that recruit Th1 lymphocytes into the gland, favoring the onset and reiteration of the autoimmune inflammation. This could lead to the appearance of serum thyroid autoantibodies and hypothyroidism. To date, no guidelines exist in this field given that there are still some unanswered questions, with this gap precluding clinicians from the best management of GD patients. Further research is needed to identify new GD risk factors and to reduce its occurrence and improve its management.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

    Silvia Martina Ferrari

  2. Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine-Dermatology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy

    Fabrizio Guarneri

  3. Department of Translational Research and of New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

    Poupak Fallahi

  4. Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

    Alessandro Antonelli

  5. Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy

    Salvatore Benvenga

  6. Master Program on Childhood, Adolescent and Women’s Endocrine Health, University of Messina, Messina, Italy

    Salvatore Benvenga

  7. Interdepartmental Program of Molecular and Clinical Endocrinology and Women’s Endocrine Health, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico ‘G. Martino’, Messina, Italy

    Salvatore Benvenga

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  1. Silvia Martina Ferrari
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  2. Fabrizio Guarneri
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  3. Poupak Fallahi
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  4. Alessandro Antonelli
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  5. Salvatore Benvenga
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Correspondence to Silvia Martina Ferrari .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. C.G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University, Surat, Gujarat, India

    Mitesh Kumar Dwivedi

  2. C.G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University, Surat, Gujarat, India

    N. Amaresan

  3. Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

    E. Helen Kemp

  4. Zabludowizc Center for Autoimmunity, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel

    Yehuda Shoenfeld

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Ferrari, S.M., Guarneri, F., Fallahi, P., Antonelli, A., Benvenga, S. (2022). Microorganisms in Pathogenesis and Management of Graves’ Disease. In: Dwivedi, M.K., Amaresan, N., Kemp, E.H., Shoenfeld, Y. (eds) Role of Microorganisms in Pathogenesis and Management of Autoimmune Diseases. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1946-6_14

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