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The Effects of Nitrogen Enrichment on Low-Nutrient Environments: Insights from Studies of Serpentine Soil-Plant Relations

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Agrochemicals in Soil and Environment

Abstract

It is widely known that anthropogenic inputs, particularly from modern agriculture and fossil fuel combustion, are severely altering the nitrogen (N) cycle. Humans have doubled the amount of reactive N (NR) input into our environments, causing it to accumulate in ecosystems. However, N is anything but stationary. In various forms, NR enters the atmosphere where it can travel long distances and deposit back onto the biosphere. This chapter summarizes the process and effects of N deposition on low-nutrient environments (LNEs) which are significantly altered by nutrient addition. Using serpentine as a model environment, we conclude that primary effect of N deposition is an alteration in competition and invasion patterns. Excess N allows nitrophilous invasive plants to outcompete LNE-native plants. Other effects can further harm LNEs, including N deposition-caused soil acidification and toxicity that may be exceptionally detrimental to LNEs and their plants, animals, and fungi. To mitigate effects of N deposition on LNEs, certain strategies such as grazing and controlled burns have proven effective in the short term. However, it will take a dramatic reduction in anthropogenic NR input, particularly through changes to current agriculture methods, to protect Earth’s unique and diverse LNEs from change.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Bill and Linda Frost and the Frost Fund for funding the writing of this chapter. We also would like to thank Dr. Robert Boyd (Auburn University, AL, USA) and Ryan O’Dell (Bureau of Land Management, California Department of the Interior, Region 10) for their help reviewing the chapter.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA

    Thomas J. Samojedny Jr., Mary Devlin, Rebekah Shane & Nishanta Rajakaruna

  2. Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa

    Nishanta Rajakaruna

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Correspondence to Nishanta Rajakaruna .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botony, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India

    M. Naeem

  2. Division de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICyT), San Luis Potosí, Mexico

    Juan Francisco Jimenez Bremont

  3. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia

    Abid Ali Ansari

  4. Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Lab, Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India

    Sarvajeet Singh Gill

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Samojedny, T.J., Devlin, M., Shane, R., Rajakaruna, N. (2022). The Effects of Nitrogen Enrichment on Low-Nutrient Environments: Insights from Studies of Serpentine Soil-Plant Relations. In: Naeem, M., Bremont, J.F.J., Ansari, A.A., Gill, S.S. (eds) Agrochemicals in Soil and Environment. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9310-6_13

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