Skip to main content

Respiratory Disorders: Contemporary Issues in 2020

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Biomedical Translational Research

Abstract

Respiratory system bears the major brunt of environmental insults. Respiratory infections such as pneumonias continue to threaten human health. The corona virus pandemic (COVID-19) is the most recent example of a respiratory infection threatening the human kind. Tuberculosis is one of the most ancient diseases which continue to pose as a clinical problem. Besides infections, there is a huge burden of chronic respiratory disorders in terms of morbidity and mortality. Chronic respiratory disease (CRD) is among the most common non-communicable diseases (NCDs) identified by the World Health Organization. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third most common cause of death the world over. Respiratory allergies such as bronchial asthma, environmental, occupational and other interstitial lung diseases are other common chronic lung diseases which are increasing in incidence.

Several new diagnostic and treatment modalities have been added in our armamentarium to fight against these disorders. Besides the medical and surgical treatments, some of these interventions are non-pharmacological in nature such as the pulmonary rehabilitation and patient education programmes. Newer strategies and governmental programmes constitute other important steps to control the disease-burden.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Barnes H, Goh NSL, Leong TL, Hoy R (2019) Silica-associated lung disease: an old-world exposure in modern industries. Respirology 24(12):1165–1175

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biddiscombe MF, Usmani OS (2018) Is there room for further innovation in inhaled therapy for airways disease? Breathe (Sheff) 14(3):216–224

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonjour S, Adair-Rohani H, Wolf J et al (2013) Solid fuel use for household cooking: country and regional estimates for 1980–2010. Environ Health Perspect 121:784–790

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Boogaard H, Walker K, Cohen AJ (2019) Air pollution: the emergence of a major global health risk factor. Int Health 11(6):417–421

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlos WG, Dela Cruz CS, Cao B, Pasnick S, Jamil S (2020) Novel Wuhan (2019-nCoV) coronavirus. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 201:P7–P8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cave AJE (1939) The evidence for the incidence of tuberculosis in ancient Egypt. Br J Tuberc 33:142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cullinan P, Reid P (2013) Pneumoconiosis. Prim Care Respir J 22(2):249–252

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cypel M, Keshavjee S (2020) When to consider lung transplantation for COVID-19. Lancet Respir Med S2213-2600(20)30393-3

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalby R, Suman J (2003) Inhalation therapy: technological milestones in asthma treatment. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 55:779–791

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dhooria S, Agarwal R, Dhar R, Jindal A, Madan K, Aggarwal AN et al (2018) Consensus statement for the diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in resource constrained settings. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 60:93–121

    Google Scholar 

  • Fajt ML, Wenzel SE (2015) Asthma phenotypes and the use of biologic medications in asthma and allergic disease: the next steps toward personalized care. J Allergy Clin Immunol 135(2):299–310

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fishman AP (1998) Milestones in the history of pulmonary medicine. In: Fishman’s pulmonary diseases and disorders, 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • GBDS (2017) Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet 390:1211–1259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (2020) Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive lung disease (2020 report). https://goldcopd.org. Accessed 20 Sept 2020

  • Gordon SB, Bruce NG, Grigg J et al (2014) Respiratory risks from household air pollution in low and middle income countries. Lancet Respir Med 2:823–860

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hoek G, Krishnan RM, Beelen R, Peters A, Ostro B, Brunekreef B et al (2013) Long-term air pollution exposure and cardio-respiratory mortality: a review. Environ Health 12(1):43

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative CRD Collaborators (2018) The burden of chronic respiratory diseases and their heterogeneity across the states of India: the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2016. Lancet Glob Health 6:e1363–e1374

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jaggi OP (1961) Chest diseases in ancient Hindu medicine. Indian J Chest Dis 3:124–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Ji W, Lim MN, Bak SH et al (2018) Differences in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease phenotypes between non-smokers and smokers. Clin Respir J 12(2):666–673

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jindal SK (2012a) COPD: the unrecognized epidemic in India. J Assoc Physicians India 60(Suppl):14–16

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jindal SK (2012b) Research in clinical sciences. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 54:175–182

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jindal SK (2013) Silicosis in India: past and present. Curr Opin Pulm Med 19:163–168

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jindal SK (2018) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in non-smokers—is it a different phenotype? Indian J Med Res 147(4):337–339

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jindal SK, Aggarwal AN, Gupta D, Agarwal R, Kumar R, Kaur T, Chaudhry K, Shah B (2012) Indian study on epidemiology of asthma, respiratory symptoms and chronic bronchitis in adults (INSEARCH). Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 16(9):1270–1277

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jindal SK, Aggarwal AN, Christopher DJ, Dhar R, Jindal A (2020a) Cloth face covers—a sustainable measure to mitigate COVID-19. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.20.0220

  • Jindal SK, Aggarwal AN, Jindal A et al (2020b) Exacerbation rates are higher in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in non-smokers in India. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 24(12):1272–1278

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jindal SK, Aggarwal AN, Jindal A (2020c) Household air pollution in India and respiratory diseases: current status and future directions. Curr Opin Pulm Med 26(2):128–134

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katz AM (1959) Hippocrates and the plane tree on the island of Cos. Arch Intern Med 104:653–657

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keers RY (1978) Pulmonary tuberculosis. A journey down the centuries. Bailliere-Tindall, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Khilnani GC, Tiwari P (2018) Air pollution in India and related adverse respiratory health effects: past, present, and future directions. Curr Opin Pulm Med 24(2):108–116

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kistler KD, Nalysnyk L, Rotella P, Esser D (2014) Lung transplantation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a systematic review of the literature. BMC Pulm Med 14:139

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus AA, Philip A (2011) Asbestosis. Dis Mon 57(1):14–26

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leidner AJ, Murthy N, Chesson HW, Biggerstaff M, Stoecker C, Harris AM, Acosta A, Dooling K, Bridges CB (2019) Cost-effectiveness of adult vaccinations: a systematic review. Vaccine 37(2):226–234

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mayer K, Hamilton C (2010) Synergistic pandemics: confronting the global HIV and tuberculosis epidemics. Clin Infect Dis 50 Suppl 3:S67–S70. https://doi.org/10.1086/651475

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra PK, Samarth RM, Pathak N, Jain SK, Banerjee S, Maudar KK (2009) Bhopal Gas Tragedy: review of clinical and experimental findings after 25 years. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 22(3):193–202

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mortimer K, Gordon SB, Jindal SK, Accinelli RA, Balmes J, Martin WJ II (2012) Household air pollution is a major avoidable risk-factor for cardiopulmonary disease. Chest 142:1308–1315

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nasim F, Sabath BF, Eapen GA (2019) Lung cancer. Med Clin North Am 103(3):463–473

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • National Strategic Plan for Tuberculosis Elimination (2017–2025) Central TB Division, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. www.tbcindia.nic.in. Accessed 15 Sept 2020

  • Nunn JF (1996) Ancient Egyptian medicine. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogura T, Taniguchi H, Azuma A, Inoue Y, Kondoh Y, Hasegawa Y et al (2015) Safety and pharmacokinetics of nintedanib and pirfenidone in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J 45:1382–1392

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Papi A, Saetta M, Fabbri L (2017) Severe asthma: phenotyping to endotyping or vice versa? Eur Respir J 49:1700053

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pascarella G, Strumia A, Piliego C, Bruno F, Del Buono R, Costa F, Scarlata S, Agrò FE (2020) COVID-19 diagnosis and management: a comprehensive review. J Intern Med 288(2):192–206

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • PMUY (Pradhan Mantri UjjwallaYojna) (2016) Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas, Govt of India. https://pmuy.gov.in/about.html. Accessed 18 Sept 2020

  • Rivera GA, Wakelee H (2016) Lung cancer in never smokers. Adv Exp Med Biol 893:43–57

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Selwyn-Brown A (1938) The physician throughout the ages, vol I. Capehart-Brown Co., Inc. Publishers, Times Building, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Shira Doron S, Davidson LE (2011) Antimicrobial stewardship. Mayo Clin Proc 86(11):1113–1123

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Singh S, Collins BF, Sharma BB, Joshi JM, Talwar D, Katiyar S et al (2017) Interstitial lung disease in India. Results of a prospective registry. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 195(6):801–813

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steingart KR, Sohn H, Schiller I, Kloda LA, Dendukuri N (2013) Xpert® MTB/Rif assay for pulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:CD009593

    Google Scholar 

  • Supreme Court of India (2009) Writ petition (Civil) No. 110 of 2006. No. 318926, dated 3.5.2009

    Google Scholar 

  • ten Klooster L, Nossent GD, Kwakkel-van Erp JM, van Kessel DA, Oudijk EJ, van de Graaf EA et al (2015) Ten-year survival in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis after lung transplantation. Lung 193:919–926

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Travis WD, Costabel U, Hansell DM, King TE Jr, Lynch DA, Nicholson AG et al (2013) An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: update of the international multidisciplinary classification of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 188:733–748

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Udwadia FE (2000) Man and medicine—a history. Oxford University Press, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Vancheri C, Kreuter M, Richeldi L, Ryerson CJ, Valeyre D, Grutters JC et al (2018) Nintedanib with add-on pirfenidone in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: results of the INJOURNEY trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 197:356–363

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • WHO (2018) Third United Nations High-level Meeting on NCDs. Non-communicable diseases and their risk factors. https://www.who.int/ncds/governance/third-un-meeting. Accessed 20 Sept 2020

  • World Health Organization (2020) Antimicrobial resistance. Key facts. https://www.who.int. Accessed 22 Sept 2020

  • Young KA, Dilling DF (2019) The future of lung transplantation. Chest 155(3):465–473

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Jindal, S.K., Jindal, A. (2022). Respiratory Disorders: Contemporary Issues in 2020. In: Sobti, R., Ganju, A.K. (eds) Biomedical Translational Research. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8845-4_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics