Abstract
Composite production contributes to air pollution by releasing hazardous pollutants into the atmosphere. This study reviews the emission of styrene from the fibre reinforced plastics composites and thermoset composites manufacturing, formaldehyde emission in wood-based composites production, the national standard for hazardous air pollution in composites production, environmental issues related to health and safety, and the control measures of the composites pollution. Based on the review on styrene emission in fibre reinforced plastics composites and thermoset composites, the styrene emission by composites production through the process of open mould process and closed mould process. Other than that, the production of the wood-based composite is used to produce furniture components, support building as well as interior and exterior uses. Those wood-based composites release volatile organic compounds, VOCs that consist of formaldehyde that is carcinogenic to humans and deteriorating indoor air quality, contributing to environmental issues related to health and safety. For example, the emissions of VOCs and formaldehyde cause cancer and other respiratory diseases, due to the main route of those emissions entering the humans’ bodies is through inhalation. Thus, some of the studies have shown that the emission of chemicals also might cause skin and eye irritations and allergic reactions. In addition, the national standard for hazardous air pollutants in composites production need to be complimented to reduce the air pollutant and control the hazards. Some of the regulations and acts are applying to these issues, including the Clean Air Act (CAA) Amendments 1990, Industrial Code of Practice (ICOP) on Indoor Air Quality, Occupational and Safety (Use and Standard of Exposure Chemical Hazardous to Health) Regulation 2000 (USECHH Regulation), and International Regulations and Guidelines. The controls are made to reduce air pollution or to improve the effect of emissions from composite production to comply with the regulations.
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Acknowledgements
This chapter was written with Nur Intan Shafiqah Roslan, Nurul Syafiqah Illyana Shafie, Nur Shabrina Azreen Mohd Shabri, Fauziatul Syuhada Mansor, and Aimi Athifah Suhaimy.
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Sapuan, S.M., Ilyas, R.A., Asyraf, M.R.M. (2022). Emission of Hazardous Air Pollution in the Composite Production. In: Safety and Health in Composite Industry. Composites Science and Technology . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6136-5_3
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