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Sources and Therapeutic Strategies of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Stem Cell Therapy

Abstract

During the past decade, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have made their mark as a potential weapon in regenerative medicine. Since their first isolation by Friedenstein in the late 1970s of the last century, MSCs have opened new avenues in the field of regenerative medicine. The main fascination about MSCs lies in their ease of isolation and large ex vivo expansion capacity, as well as demonstrated multipotency and immunomodulatory activities. Basically, several reports have proved that MSCs isolated from different sources possess different characteristics and potentials. In addition, the mechanisms by which these cells can help regenerate tissues and treat several diseases have been proved to be far more complicated than ever thought of. Moreover, a growing body of research has revealed that the therapeutic effects of MSCs occur largely via paracrine signaling and secreted extracellular vesicles, which act as “signalosomes” controlling fundamental cellular functions in recipient cells. In this chapter, we will discuss how MSCs isolated from different sources such as bone marrow; the prototype MSCs, adipose tissue, and umbilical cord differ in their characteristics as potential sources of allogenic versus autologous cell therapy options. Besides, we will clarify the main documented mechanisms of action which MSCs play in regenerative medicine including their differentiation to tissues of mesenchymal versus non-mesenchymal lineages. Additionally, the immune-modulatory effects of MSCs will be discussed as an important arm in their therapeutic potential. Finally, we will discuss the potential of extracellular vesicles produced by MSCs as an emerging cell-free alternative to stem cells therapy.

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Abbreviations

BM:

Bone marrow

CM:

Conditioned medium

EVs:

Extracellular vesicles

FDA:

Food and Drug Administration

FGF:

Fibroblast growth factor

GMP:

Good Manufacturing Practice

GvHD:

Graft vs host rejection disease

HGF:

Hepatocyte growth factor

IDO:

Indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase

IFN-γ:

Interferon-γ

ISCT:

International Society for Cellular Therapy

MSCs:

Mesenchymal stem cells

NK cells:

Natural killer cells

PDL-1:

Programmed death ligand-1

PGE2:

Prostaglandin E2

PRP:

Platelet-rich plasma

SVF:

Stromal vascular fraction

TGF-β1:

Transforming growth factor-β1

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor-α

UC:

Umbilical cord

UCB:

Umbilical cord blood

WJ:

Wharton’s jelly

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pharmacology and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt (BUE), Cairo, Egypt

    Mohamed Kamal

  2. Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

    Mohamed Kamal & Dina Kassem

  3. Faculty of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research and Development, The British University in Egypt (BUE), Cairo, Egypt

    Mohamed Kamal

  4. Sulaiman AlRajhi Medical School, Al Bukairiyah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

    Khawaja Husnain Haider

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  2. Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain

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Kamal, M., Kassem, D., Haider, K.H. (2022). Sources and Therapeutic Strategies of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine. In: Haider, K.H. (eds) Handbook of Stem Cell Therapy. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6016-0_2-1

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