Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Biogeography of the Mangrove Ecosystem: Floristics, Population Structure, and Conservation Strategies

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Mangroves: Ecology, Biodiversity and Management

  • 1550 Accesses

Abstract

Biogeography refers to reconstruction in the patterns of distribution of biological diversity and to identify the processes that are responsible for those distributions over the time. Despite the better understanding of global patterns of mangrove distribution using improved exploration techniques, satellite cartography, or the use of geographic information systems (GIS), the causal factors and processes underlying such patterns are still debated. The biogeography of mangroves has been widely discussed based on two alternative biogeographic processes, viz., dispersal and vicariance. However, in recent decades, human developmental activities, climate change and extreme natural events have affected the distribution patterns of species in both the terrestrial and marine environments. Expansion of mangroves towards the poles and recent massive mangrove dieback in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia, for instance, is considered an impact of climate change and extreme events, respectively, whereas degradation of ecological health of existing mangroves are attributed to unsustainable human developmental activities. In addition, changes in distributional limits of the mangroves species, genetic discontinuity of population of widely distributed mangroves resulted from the recent molecular floristic studies, and recognition of the role of Pleistocene sea-level fluctuations, ocean currents, geomorphology, nutrient cycling, and hydrology of estuary in shaping the present distribution and population structure of mangrove species warrant a further comprehensive account of the biogeography of mangroves. Understanding the changes in plant species composition, distribution and the underlying processes are imperative for conservation and management of threatened mangrove habitats, where plants are the founder species which create habitats, modulate ecosystem functions, and support entire ecological communities. Considering these facts, the biogeography of the global mangroves has been examined in detail, and threats to the mangroves of various regions are also briefly reviewed. In addition, given the ecological and economic values of mangroves, the effectiveness of existing conservation measures are evaluated, and the safeguards needed to maintain the ecological health of the existing mangroves is highlighted.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alam M, Alam MM, Curray JR, Chowdhury ALR, Gani MR (2003) An overview of the sedimentary geology of the Bengal Basin in relation to the regional tectonic framework and basin-fill history. Sediment Geol 155: 179–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Banerjee AK, Guo W, Qiao S, Li W, Xing F, Lin Y, Hou Z, Li S, Liu Y, Huang Y (2020) Land masses and oceanic currents drive population structure of Heritiera littoralis, a widespread mangrove in the Indo-West Pacific. Ecol Evol 00:1–15. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.6460.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bayraktarov E, Saunders MI, Abdullah S, Mills M, Beher J, Possingham HP, Mumby PJ, Lovelock CE. 2016. The cost and feasibility of marine coastal restoration. Ecol Appl 264: 1055–1074.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Begam MM, Sutradhar T, Chowdhury R, Mukherjee C, Basak SK, Ray K (2017) Native salt-tolerant grass species for habitat restoration, their acclimation and contribution to improving edaphic conditions: a study from a degraded mangrove in the Indian Sundarbans. Hydrobiologia 803: 373–387.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bosire JO, Dahdouh-Guebas F, Walton M, Crona BI, Lewis RR, Field C, Koedam N (2008) Functionality of restored mangroves: a review. Aquat Bot 89(2): 251–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown B, Fadilla R, Nurdin Y, Soulsby I, Ahmad R (2014b) Community based ecological mangrove rehabilitation (CBEMR) in Indonesia. SAPIENS 7: 53–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown B, Yuniati W, Ahmad R, Soulsby I (2014a) Observations of natural recruitment and human attempts at mangrove rehabilitation after seismic (tsunami and earthquake) events in Simulue Island and Singkil Lagoon, Acheh, Indonesia. In Santiago-Fandino V, Kontar YA, Kaneda Y (eds), Post-Tsunami Hazard Reconstruction and Restoration. Springer, New York: 311–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryan-Brown DN, Connolly RM, Richards DR, Adame F, Friess DA, Brown CJ (2020) Global trends in mangrove forest fragmentation. Sci Rep 10: 7117.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bunting P, Rosenqvist A, Lucas RM, Rebelo LM, Hilarides L, Thomas N, Hardy A, Itoh T, Shimada M, Finlayson CM (2018) The Global Mangrove Watch-A New 2010 Global Baseline of Mangrove Extent. Remote Sens 10: 1669.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cerón-Souza I, Gonzalez EG, Schwarzbach AE, Salas-Leiva DE, Rivera-Ocasio E, Toro-Perea N, Bermingham E, McMillan WO (2015) Contrasting demographic history and gene flow patterns of two mangrove species on either side of the central American isthmus. Ecol Evol 5: 3486–3499.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman VJ (1975) Mangrove Biogeography. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biology and Management of Mangroves, eds. Walsh GE, Snedaker SC, Teas HJ, University of Florida Press, Gainesville. pp. 3–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman VJ (1976) Mangrove vegetation. J. Cramer, Lehre, Germany, 447 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Churchill DM (1973) The ecological significance of tropical mangroves in the early Teniary floras of southern Australia. Geological Society of Australia-Special Publication 4: 79-86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper WE, Kudo H, Duke NC (2016) Bruguiera hainesii C.G.Rogers (Rhizophoraceae), an endangered species recently discovered in Australia. Austrobaileya 9:481–488.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dale PER Knight JM, Dwyer PG (2014) Mangrove rehabilitation: a review focusing on ecological and institutional issues. Wetl Ecol Manag 22: 587–604.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duke NC (1984) A mangrove hybrid, Sonneratia × gulngai (Sonneratiaceae) from north-eastern Australia. Austrobaileya 2: 103–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duke NC (1992) Mangrove floristics and biogeography. In: Robertson AI, Alongi DM (eds) Tropical mangrove ecosystems. American Geophysical Union, Washington DC, USA, pp. 63–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Duke NC (1994) A Mangrove Hybrid, Sonneratia x urama (Sonneratiaceae) from Northern Australia and Southern New Guinea. Aust Syst Bot 7:521–526.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duke NC (1995) Genetic diversity, distributional barriers and rafting continents—more thoughts on the evolution of mangroves. Hydrobiologia 295: 167-181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duke NC (2010) Overlap of eastern and western mangroves in the South-western Pacific: hybridization of all three Rhizophora (Rhizophoraceae) combinations in New Caledonia. Blumea 55:171–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duke NC (2017) Mangrove floristics and biogeography revisited: further deductions from biodiversity hot spots, ancestral discontinuities, and common evolutionary processes. In: Rivera- Monroy VH, Lee SY, Kristensen E, Twilley RR (e) (eds) Mangrove ecosystems: a global biogeographic perspective. Springer, Cham, pp. 17–53.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Duke NC (2020)Asystematic revision of the vulnerable mangrove genus Pelliciera (Tetrameristaceae) in equatorialAmerica. Blumea 65(2):107–120. https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.02.04

  • Duke NC, Ball MC, Ellison JC (1998a) Factors influencing biodiversity and distributional gradients in mangroves. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 7(1):27–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duke NC, Benzie JAH, Goodall JA, Ballment ER (1998b) Genetic structure and evolution of species in the mangrove genus Avicennia (Avicenniaceae) in the Indo-West Pacific. Evolution 52(6):1612–1626.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duke NC, Bunt JS (1979) The genus Rhizophora (Rhizophoraceae) in north-eastern Australia. Aust J Bot 27: 657–678.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duke NC, Kovacs JM, Griffith A, Preece L, Hill DJ, van Oosterzee P, Mackenzie J, Morning HS, Burrows D (2017) Large-scale dieback of mangroves in Australia’s Gulf of Carpentaria: a severe ecosystem response, coincidental with an unusually extreme weather event. Mar Freshw Res doi:https://doi.org/10.1071/MF16322.

  • Duke NC, Kudo H (2018) Bruguiera × dungarra, a new hybrid between mangrove species B. exaristata and B. gymnorhiza (Rhizophoraceae) recently discovered in north-east Australia. Blumea 63:279–285

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellison AM, Farnsworth EJ, Merkt RE (1999) Origins of mangrove ecosystems and the mangrove biodiversity anomaly. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 8:95–115. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822X.1999.00126.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellison AM, Felson AJ, Friess DA (2020) Mangrove Rehabilitation and Restoration as Experimental Adaptive Management. Front Mar Sci 7: 327. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feller IC, Friess DA, Krauss KW, Lewis III RR (2017) The state of the world’s mangroves in the 21st century under climate change. Hydrobiologia 803: 1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frankham DA, Ballou R, Briscoe JD (2010) Introduction to conservation genetics, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ge XJ (2001) Genetic diversity and conservation genetics of mangrove species in South China and Hong Kong. Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ge XJ, Sun M (2001) Population genetic structure of Ceriops tagal (Rhizophoraceae) in Thailand and China. Wetl Ecol Manag 9: 213–219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg L, Lagomasino D, Thomas N, Fatoyinbo T (2020) Global declines in human-driven mangrove loss. Global Change Biol 00:1–12. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guo Z, Huang YJ, Chen Y, Duke NC, Zhong C, Shi S (2016) Genetic discontinuities in a dominant mangrove Rhizophora apiculata (Rhizophoraceae) in the Indo-Malesian region. J Biogeogr 43(9): 1856–1868.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guo Z, Li X, He Z, Yang Y, Wang W, Zhong C, Greenberg AJ, Wu C-I, Duke NC, Shi S (2018a) Extremely low genetic diversity across mangrove taxa reflects past sea level changes and hints at poor future responses. Global Change Biol 24:1741–1748.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guo W, Ng WL, Wu H, Li W, Zhang L, Qiao S, et al. (2018b). Chloroplast phylogeography of a widely distributed mangrove species, Excoecaria agallocha, in the Indo-West Pacific region. Hydrobiologia 807: 333–347. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-017-3409-7.

  • Guo Z, Guo W, Wu H, Fang X, Ng WL, et al. (2018c) Differing phylogeographic patterns within the Indo-West Pacific mangrove genus Xylocarpus (Meliaceae). J Biogeogr 45: 676–689.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guo W, Banerjee AK, Ng WL, Yuan Y, Li W and Huang Y (2020) Chloroplast DNA phylogeography of the Holly mangrove Acanthus ilicifolius in the Indo-West Pacific. Hydrobiologia 847:3591–3608.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton SE, Casey D (2016) Creation of a high spatio-temporal resolution global database of continuous mangrove forest covers for the 21st century (CGMFC-21). Glob Ecol Biogeogr 25(6): 729–738.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamrick JL, Godt MJW, Sherman-Broyles SL (1992) Factors influencing levels of genetic diversity in woody plant species. New For 6: 95–124. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00120641.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • He Z, Li X, Yang M, et al. (2019) Speciation with gene flow via cycles of isolation and migration: insights from multiple mangrove taxa. Natl. Sci. Rev. 6: 275–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann AA, Sgro CM (2011) Climate change and evolutionary adaptation. Nature 470: 479–485.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang L, Li X, Huang V, Shi S, Zhou R (2014) Molecular evidence for natural hybridization in the mangrove genus Avicennia. Pak J Bot 46: 1577–1584.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang Y, Tan F, Su G, Deng S, He H, Shi S (2008) Population genetic structure of three tree species in the mangrove genus Ceriops (Rhizophoraceae) from the Indo West Pacific. Genetica 133: 47–56. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10709-007-9182-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Inomata N, Wang X-R, Changtragoon S, Szmidt AE (2009) Levels and patterns of DNA variation in two sympatric mangrove species, Rhizophora apiculata and R. mucronata from Thailand. Genes Genet Syst 84: 277–286. doi: https://doi.org/10.1266/ggs.84.277.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • IUCN and UNEP-WCMC (2019) www.protectedplanet.net.

  • Kar RK (1985) The fossil floras of Kachchh-IV. Tertiary Palynostratigraphy. Palaeobotanist 34: 1-280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kathiresan K (1995) Rhizophora annamalayana: a new species of mangroves. Environ Ecol 13: 240–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kathiresan K, Bingham BL (2001) Biology of mangroves and mangrove ecosystems. Adv Mar Biol 40:81–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ko WC (1985) Notes on the genus Sonneratia (Sonneratiaceae) in S. E. Asia. Acta Phytotax Sin 23: 311–314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krauss KW, McKee KL, Lovelock CE, Cahoon DR, Saintilan N, Reef R, Chen L (2014) How mangrove forests adjust to rising sea level. New Phytol 202: 19–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee SY, Hamilton S, Barbier EB, Primavera J, Lewis III RR (2019) Better restoration policies are needed to conserve mangrove ecosystems. Nat Ecol Evol 3: 870–872.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee SY, Primavera JH, Dahdouh-Guebas F, McKee K, Bosire JO, Cannicci S, Diele K, Fromard F, Koedam N, Marchand C, Mendelssohn I, Mukherjee N, Record S (2014) Ecological role and services of tropical mangrove ecosystems: a reassessment. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 23: 726–743.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis RR, Brown BM, Flynn LL (2019) “Methods and criteria for successful mangrove forest rehabilitation,” In Coastal Wetlands: An Integrated Ecosystem Approach, 2nd Edn, eds G. Perillo ME, Wolanski E, Cahoon DR, Hopkinson CS (Amsterdam: Elsevier), pp. 863–887. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63893-9.00024-1.

  • Lewis RR, Hodgson AB, Mauseth GS (2005) Project facilitates the natural reseeding of mangrove forests (Florida). Ecol Restor 23: 276–277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis RR, Milbrandt EC, Brown B, Krauss KW, Rovai AS, Beever JW, Flynn LL (2016) Stress in mangrove forests: early detection and pre-emptive rehabilitation are essential for future successful worldwide mangrove forest management. Mar Pollut Bull 109: 764–771.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li J, Yang Y, Chen Q, Fang L, He Z, Guo W, Qiao S, Wang Z, Guo M, Zhong C, Zhou R, Shi S (2016) Pronounced genetic differentiation and recent secondary contact in the mangrove tree Lumnitzera racemosa revealed by population genomic analyses. Sci Rep 6: 29486. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep29486.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Liao PC, Havanond S, Huang S (2007) Phylogeography of Ceriops tagal (Rhizophoraceae) in Southeast Asia: The land barrier of the Malay Peninsula has caused population differentiation between the Indian Ocean and South China Sea. Conserv Genet 8: 89–98. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-006-9151-8.

  • Lira-Medeiros CF, Parisod C, Fernandes RA, Mata CS, Cardoso MA, Ferreira PCG (2010) Epigenetic variation in mangrove plants occurring in contrasting natural environment. PLoS ONE 5: e10326.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lo EY, Duke NC, Sun M (2014) Phylogeographic pattern of Rhizophora (Rhizophoraceae) reveals the importance of both vicariance and long-distance oceanic dispersal to modern mangrove distribution. BMC Evol Biol 14: 83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-14-83.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lomolino MV, Riddle BR, Brown JH (2006) Biogeography, 3rd edn. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • López-Portillo J, Lewis RR, Saenger P, Rovai A, Koedam N, Dahdouh-Guebas F, Agraz-Hernández C, Rivera-Monroy VH (2017) Mangrove forest restoration and rehabilitation. In: Rivera-Monroy VH, Lee SY, Kristensen E, Twilley RR (Eds.), Mangrove Ecosystems: A Global Biogeographic Perspective. Springer, New York, New York, USA, pp. 301–345

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lovelock CE, Cahoon DR, Friess DA, Guntenspergen GR, Krauss KW, Reef R, Rogers K, Saunders ML, Sidik F, Swales A, Saintilan N, Thuyen AX, Triet T (2015) The vulnerability of Indo-Pacific mangrove forests to sea-level rise. Nature 526: 559–563.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lovelock CE, Feller IC, Reef R, Hickey S, Ball MC (2017) Mangrove dieback during fluctuating sea levels. Sci Rep 7: 1680.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ludt WB, Rocha LA (2014) Shifting seas: the impacts of Pleistocene sea-level fluctuations on the evolution of tropical marine taxa. J Biogeogr 42(1): 25–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lyu H, He Z, Wu C-I, Shi S (2018) Convergent adaptive evolution in marginal environments: unloading transposable elements as a common strategy among mangrove genomes. New Phytol 217: 428–438.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maguire TL, Saenger P, Baverstock P, Henry R (2000) Microsatellite analysis of genetic structure in the mangrove species Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. (Avicenniaceae). Mol Ecol 9:1853–1862.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mathur YK (1984) Cenozoic palynofossils, vegetation, ecology and climate of the North and North-western Sub-Himalayan region. In R. O. Whyte (Ed.), The Evolution of the East Asian Environment, 2 (pp. 504–551). Hong Kong, China: Centre of Asian Studies, Univ. Hong Kong.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathur YK, Chowdhary LR (1977) Palaeoecology of the Kalol Formation, Cambay Basin, India. In B. S. Venkatachala, & V. V. Sastri (Eds.), (pp. 164–178). Proceedings of the 4th Colloquium on Indian Micropalaeontology and Stratigraphy, Dehradun, 1974–75. Dehradun, Uttarakhand: Institute of Petroleum Exploration, Oil and Natural Gas Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCoy ED, Heck KL Jr (1976). Biogeography of corals, seagrasses, and mangroves: An alternative to the center of origin concept. Syst Zool 25:201–210. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2412488.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mepham RH (1983) Mangrove floras of the southern continents. Part 1. The geographical origin of Indo-Pacific mangrove genera and the development and present status of the Australian mangroves. South Afr J Bot 2: 1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Minobe S, Fukui S, Saiki R, Kajita T, Changtragoon S, Shukor NAA, Latiff A, Ramesh BR, Koizumi O, Yamazaki T (2010) Highly differentiated population structure of a Mangrove species, Bruguiera gymnorhiza (Rhizophoraceae) revealed by one nuclear Gap Cp and one chloroplast intergenic spacer trnF–trnL. Conserv Genet 11: 301–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mori GM, Zucchi MI, Sampaio I, Souza AP (2015) Species distribution and introgressive hybridization of two Avicennia species from the Western Hemisphere unveiled by phylogeographic patterns. BMC Evol Biol 15: 1–15.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ono J (2016) Conservation genetic study of mangrove plant genus Bruguiera. Ph D thesis, Chiba University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ono J, Yong JWH, Takayama K, Saleh MNB, Wee AKS, Asakawa T, Yllano OB, Salmo SG, Meenakshisundaram SH, Watano Y, Webb EL, Kajita T (2016) Bruguiera hainesii, a critically endangered mangrove species, is a hybrid between B. cylindrical and B. gymnorhiza (Rhizophoraceae). Conserv Genet 17:1137–1144. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-016-0849-y.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qiu S, Zhou RC, Li YQ, Havanond S, Jaengjai C, Shi SH (2008) Molecular evidence for natural hybridization between Sonneratia alba and S. griffithii. J Syst Evol 46: 391–395.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ragavan P, Saxena A, Jayaraj RSC, Ravichandran K, Saravanan S (2015). Rhizophora × mohanii: a putative hybrid between Rhizophora mucronata and Rhizophora stylosa from mangroves of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. ISME/GLOMIS Electronic Journal 13: 3–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ragavan R, Saxena A, Jayaraj RSC, Mohan PM, Pavichandran K, Saravanan S, Vijayaraghavan A (2016) A review of the mangrove floristics of India. Taiwania 61:224–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Renema W, Bellwood DR, Braga JC, Bromfield K, Hall R et al (2008) Hopping hotspots: global shifts in marine biodiversity. Science 321:654–657.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rey JR, Carlson DB, Brockmeyer RE (2012) Coastal wetland management in Florida: environmental concerns and human health. Wetl Ecol Manag 20: 197–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riddle BR, Dawson MN, Hadly EA, Hafner DJ, Hickerson MJ, Mantooth SJ, Yoder AD (2008) The role of molecular genetics in sculpting the future of integrative biogeography. Prog Phys Geogr 32: 173–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saenger P, Hegerl EJ, Davie JDS (1983) Global Status of Mangrove Ecosystems. The Environmentalist 3 (Supplement): 1–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saenger P, Ragavan P, Sheue CR, López-Portillo J, Yong JWH, Mageswaran T (2019) Mangrove Biogeography of the Indo-Pacific. In Sabkha Ecosystems Volume VI: Asia/Pacific, Gul B, Böer B, Khan, MA, Cluesener-Godt M, Hameed A (Eds.) Chapter 23, pp. 379–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saintilan N, Wilson NC, Rogers K, Rajkaran A, Krauss KW (2014). Mangrove expansion and salt marsh decline at mangrove poleward limits. Glob Change Biol 20: 147–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheue CR, Liu HY, Tsai CC, Rashid SMA, Yong JWH, Yang YP (2009b) On the morphology and molecular basis of segregation of two species Ceriops zippeliana Blume and C. decandra (Griff.) Ding Hou (Rhizophoraceae) from southeastern Asia. Blumea 54:220–227

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheue CR, Liu HY, Tsai CC, Yang YP (2010) Comparison of Ceriops pseudodecandra sp. nov. (Rhizophoraceae), a new mangrove species in Australasia, with related species. Bot Stud 51:237–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheue CR, Liu HY, Yong JWH (2003) Kandelia obovata (Rhizophoraceae), a new mangrove species from Eastern Asia. Taxon 52:287–294

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheue CR, Yang YP, Liu HY, Chou FS, Chang SC, Saenger P, Mangion CP, Wightman G, Yong JWH, Tsai CC (2009a) Reevaluating the taxonomic status of Ceriops australis (Rhizophoraceae) based on morphological and molecular evidence. Bot Stud 50:89–100

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheue CR, Yong JWH, Yang YP (2005) The Bruguiera (Rhizophoraceae) species in the mangroves of Singapore, especially on the new record and the rediscovery. Taiwania 50:251–260

    Google Scholar 

  • Specht RL (1981) Biogeography of halophytic angiosperms (saltmarsh, mangrove and sea-grass). In A. Keast (ed.), Ecological Biogeography of Australia. W. Junk, The Hague.

    Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava J, Prasad V (2019) Evolution and paleobiogeography of mangroves. Mar. Ecol. 00:e12571. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/maec.12571.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava SK, Binda PL (1991) Depositional history of the early eocene shumaysi formation, Saudi Arabia. Palynology 15: 47–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stubbs BJ, Saenger P (2002). The application of forestry principles to the design, execution and evaluation of mangrove restoration projects. Bois et Foréts des Tropiques 56: 5–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Su G, Huang Y, Tan F, Ni X, Tang T, Shi S (2007) Conservation genetics of Lumnitzera littorea (Combretaceae), an endangered mangrove, from the Indo-West Pacific. Mar Biol 150: 321–328. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-006-0357-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Su GH, Huang YL, Tan FX, Ni XW, Tang T, Shi SH (2006) Genetic variation in Lumnitzera racemosa, a mangrove species from the Indo-West Pacific. Aquat Bot 84: 341–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2006.01.001.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sun M, Lo EY (2011) Genomic markers reveal introgressive hybridization in the Indo-West Pacific mangroves: a case study. PLoS One 6: e19671.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Takayama K, Tamura M, Tateishi Y, Webb EL, Kajita T (2013) Strong genetic structure over the American continents and transoceanic dispersal in the mangrove genus Rhizophora (Rhizophoraceae) revealed by broad-scale nuclear and chloroplast DNA analysis. Am J Bot 100: 1191–1201.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tan F, Huang Y, Ge X, Su G, Ni X, Shi S (2005) Population genetic structure and conservation implications of Ceriops decandra in Malay Peninsula and North Australia. Aquat Bot 81:175–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2004.11.004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thanikaimoni G (1987) Mangrove palynology. Tr Sec. Sci Tech. Institute of French Pondichery 24: 100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas N, Lucas R, Bunting P, Hardy A, Rosenqvist A, Simard M (2017) Distribution and drivers of global mangrove forest change, 1996–2010. PLoS ONE 12(6): e0179302. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179302.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tomizawa Y, Tsuda Y, Saleh M, Wee A, Takayama K, Yamamoto T, et al. (2017) Genetic structure and population demographic history of a widespread mangrove plant Xylocarpus granatum J. Koenig across the Indo-West Pacific Region. Forests 8: 480. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/f8120480.

  • Tomlinson BP, Womersley JG (1976) A Rhizophora new to Queensland and New Guinea, with notes relevant to the genus. Contrib Herb Aust 19: 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomlinson PB (1978) Rhizophora in Australasia—some clarification of taxonomy and distribution. J Arnold Arbor 59: 156–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomlinson PB (1986) The Botany of Mangroves. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 413 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomlinson PB (2016) The botany of mangroves, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Tomlinson PB, Bunt JS, Primack RB, Duke NC (1978) Lumnitzera × rosea (Combretaceae)—its status and floral morphology. J Arnold Arbor 59: 342–351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai CC, Li SJ, Su YY, Yong JWH, Saenger P, Chesson P, Das S, Wightman G, Yang YP, Liu HY, Sheue CR (2012) Molecular phylogeny and evidence for natural hybridization and historical introgression between Ceriops species (Rhizophoraceae). Biochem Syst Ecol 43: 178–191.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Urashi C, Teshima KM, Minobe S, Koizumi O, Inomata N (2013) Inference of evolutionary history of a widely distributed mangrove species, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, in the Indo-West Pacific region. Ecol Evol 3: 2251–2261.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Van Steenis CGGJ (1962) The distribution of mangrove plant genera and its significance for Palaeogeography. Nederl. Akad. Von Wetenschappen 65:164–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Venkatachala BS, Rawat MS (1972) Palynology of the Tertiary sediments in the Cauvery basin 1. Palaeocene-Eocene palynoflora from the subsurface. In Proceedings of the Seminar on Palaeopalynology and Indian Stratigraphy, Calcutta (pp. 292–335).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang PX, Wang LJ, Bian YH, Jian ZM (1995) Late Quaternary paleoceanography of the South China Sea: surface circulation and carbonate cycles. Mar Geol 127:145–165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang RJ, Chen ZY, Chen EY, Zheng XR (1999) Two hybrids of the genus Sonneratia (Sonneratiaceae) from China. Guihaia 19: 199–204.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wee A, Teo J, Chua J, Takayama K, Asakawa T, Meenakshisundaram S, et al. (2017) Vicariance and oceanic barriers drive contemporary genetic structure of widespread mangrove species Sonneratia alba J. Sm in the Indo-West Pacific. Forests 8: 483. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/f8120483.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wee AKS, Mori GM, Lira CF, Núñez-Farfán J, Takayama K, Faulks L, Shi S, Tsuda Y, Suyama Y, Yamamoto T, Iwasaki T, Nagano Y, Wang Z, Watanabe S, Kajita T (2018) The integration and application of genomic information in mangrove conservation. Conserv Biol 33: 206–209.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wee AKS, Noreen AME, Ono J, et al. (2020) Genetic structures across a biogeographical barrier reflect dispersal potential of four Southeast Asian mangrove plant species. J Biogeogr 00: 1–14. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.13813.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wee AKS, Takayama K, Asakawa T, Thompson B, Sungkaew S, Tung NX et al. (2014) Oceanic currents, not land masses, maintain the genetic structure of the mangrove Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (Rhizophoraceae) in Southeast Asia J Biogeogr 41: 954–964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wee AKS, Takayama K, Chua JL, Asakawa T et al. (2015) Genetic differentiation and phylogeography of partially sympatric species complex Rhizophora mucronata Lam. and R. stylosa Griff. using SSR markers. BMC Evol Biol 15: 57. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-015-0331-3.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Woodroffe CD, Rogers K, McKee KL, Lovelock CE, Mendelssohn IA, Saintilan N (2016) Mangrove sedimentation and response to relative sea-level rise. Ann Rev Mar Sci 8: 243–266.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Worthington T, Spalding M (2019) Mangrove restoration potential: A global map highlighting a critical opportunity. 34pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wyrtki K (1961) Scientific results of marine investigations of the South China Sea and the Gulf of Thailand 1959–1961. NAGA report 2. pp. 164–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xie W, Zhong G, Li X, Guo Z, Shi S (2020) Hybridization with natives augments the threats of introduced species in Sonneratia mangroves. Aquat Bot 160: 103166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yan Y-B, Duke NC, Sun M (2016) Comparative Analysis of the Pattern of Population Genetic Diversity in Three Indo-West Pacific Rhizophora Mangrove Species. Front Plant Sci 7: 1434. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01434.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yang Y, Duke NC, Peng F, Li J, Yang S, Zhong C, Zhou R, Shi S (2016) Ancient Geographical Barriers Drive Differentiation among Sonneratia caseolaris Populations and Recent Divergence from S. lanceolata. Front Plant Sci 7:1618. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01618.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang Y, Li J, Yang S, Li X, Fang LU, Zhong C, et al. (2017) Effects of Pleistocene sea-level fluctuations on mangrove population dynamics: A lesson from Sonneratia alba. BMC Evol Biol 17: 22. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-016-0849-z.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang R, Liu T, Wu W, Li Y, Chao L, Huang L, Huang Y, Shi S, Zhou R (2013) Molecular evidence for natural hybridization in the mangrove fern genus Acrostichum. BMC Plant Biol 13: 74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang ZH, Zhou RC, Tang T, Huang YL, Zhong Y, Shi SH (2008) Genetic variation in central and peripheral populations of Excoecaria agallocha from Indo-West Pacific. Aquat Bot 89: 57–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhong C, Li D, Zhang Y (2020) Description of a new natural Sonneratia hybrid from Hainan Island, China. PhytoKeys 154: 1–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

The author (P.R.) is thankful to the Department of Space, Government of India for funding under Post-Doctoral Fellowship at Physical Research Laboratory and the authorities of the Physical Research Laboratory for providing facilities.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India

    P. Ragavan & Sanjeev Kumar

  2. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science, UGC-BSR Faculty Fellow, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India

    K. Kathiresan

  3. Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

    B. Nagarajan

  4. Rain Forest Research Institute, Jorhat, Assam, India

    R. S. C. Jayaraj

  5. Department of Ocean Studies and Marine Biology, Pondicherry University, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India

    P. M. Mohan

  6. National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, MoEF & CC, Chennai, India

    V. Sachithanandam & T. Mageswaran

  7. CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Paratap Marg, Lucknow, India

    T. S. Rana

Authors
  1. P. Ragavan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. K. Kathiresan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sanjeev Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. B. Nagarajan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. R. S. C. Jayaraj
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. P. M. Mohan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. V. Sachithanandam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. T. Mageswaran
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. T. S. Rana
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Research in Environment Division, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, New Delhi, India

    Rajesh P. Rastogi

  2. CS-I (Mangroves & Coral Reef) Division, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, New Delhi, India

    Mahendra Phulwaria

  3. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, New Delhi, India

    Dharmendra K. Gupta

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Ragavan, P. et al. (2021). Biogeography of the Mangrove Ecosystem: Floristics, Population Structure, and Conservation Strategies. In: Rastogi, R.P., Phulwaria, M., Gupta, D.K. (eds) Mangroves: Ecology, Biodiversity and Management. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2494-0_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation