Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are defined as natural and biodegradable biopolymers obtained by microbial synthesis. PHAs are classified as short chain length (3–5 carbon monomers), medium chain length (6–14 carbon monomers), and long chain length (15–18 carbon monomers), depending on the number of carbons in the monomeric constituents. Little is known about the biodegradation potential of PHAs in nature and how this can be tailored by adding complementary polymers and lignocellulosic components. In this chapter, we have reviewed the current literature with a focus on biocomposites based on PHAs and lignocellulosic materials. We also complemented this chapter with a case study, including recent results from our research activities within this area. Examples are provided on how lignocellulosic materials affected the mechanical properties of PHAs and increased the biodegradation rate in soil. We also explored the potential of 3D printing by fused deposition modeling as a novel technology to manufacture PHA-based products.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Al-Battashi HS, Annamalai N, Sivakumar N et al (2019) Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB): a potential alternative biorefinery feedstock for polyhydroxyalkanoates production. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol 18:183–205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-018-09488-4
Alves MI, Macagnan KL, Rodrigues AA et al (2017) Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)-P(3HB): review of production process technology. Ind Biotechnol 13:192–208. https://doi.org/10.1089/ind.2017.0013
Area MC, Vallejos ME (2012) Biorrefinerías a partir de residuos lignocelulósicos. Conversión de residuos a productos de alto valor. Editorial Académica Española, Saarbrücken. ISBN: 978-3-659-05295-8
Barrios-Muriel J, Romero-Sanchez J, Alonso-Sanchez F, Rodríguez Salgado D (2020) Advances in orthotic and prosthetic manufacturing: a technology review. Materials (Basel) 13:1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020295
Bhardwaj R, Mohanty AK, Drzal LT et al (2006) Renewable resource-based green composites from recycled cellulose fiber and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) bioplastic. Biomacromolecules 7:2044–2051. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm050897y
Boyandin AN, Prudnikova SV, Karpov VA et al (2013) Microbial degradation of polyhydroxyalkanoates in tropical soils. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 83:77–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.04.014
Chan CM, Vandi LJ, Pratt S et al (2019) Insights into the biodegradation of PHA/wood composites: micro- and macroscopic changes. Sustain Mater Technol 21:e00099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2019.e00099
Chiulan I, Frone A, Brandabur C, Panaitescu D (2018) Recent advances in 3D printing of aliphatic polyesters. Bioengineering 5:1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering5010002
Chodak I (2008) Polyhydroxyalkanoates: origin, properties and applications. In: Belgacem M, Gandini A (eds) Monomers, polymers and composites from renewable resources, pp 451–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-045316-3.00022-3
Choi J, Lee SY (1999) Factors affecting the economics of polyhydroxyalkanoate production by bacterial fermentation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 51:13–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002530051357
Cinelli P, Seggiani M, Mallegni N et al (2019) Processability and degradability of PHA-based composites in terrestrial environments. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20020284
Curodeau A, Sachs E, Caldarise S (2000) Design and fabrication of cast orthopedic implants with freeform surface textures from 3-D printed ceramic shell. J Biomed Mater Res 53:525–535. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4636(200009)53:53.0.CO;2-1
De Chen R, Huang CF, Hsu SH (2019) Composites of waterborne polyurethane and cellulose nanofibers for 3D printing and bioapplications. Carbohydr Polym 212:75–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.02.025
Dias Júnior AF, Andrade CR, Protásio TDP et al (2019) Thermal profile of wood species from the Brazilian semi-arid region submitted to pyrolysis. Cerne 25:44–53. https://doi.org/10.1590/01047760201925012602
Dilkes-Hoffman LS, Lant PA, Laycock B, Pratt S (2019) The rate of biodegradation of PHA bioplastics in the marine environment: a meta-study. Mar Pollut Bull 142:15–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.020
Ehman N, Ita-nagy D, Felissia FE et al (2020) Biocomposites of bio-polyethylene reinforced with a hydrothermal-alkaline sugarcane bagasse pulp and coupled with a bio-based compatibilizer. Molecules (Basel) 25(9):2158. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25092158
Elmowafy E, Abdal-Hay A, Skouras A et al (2019) Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA): applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering. Expert Rev Med Devices 16:467–482. https://doi.org/10.1080/17434440.2019.1615439
Espert A, Vilaplana F, Karlsson S (2004) Comparison of water absorption in natural cellulosic fibres from wood and one-year crops in polypropylene composites and its influence on their mechanical properties. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 35:1267–1276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2004.04.004
European Bioplastics (2019) Bioplastics market development update 2019. In: 14 European bioplastics conference
Fantino E, Chiappone A, Calignano F et al (2016) In situ thermal generation of silver nanoparticles in 3D printed polymeric structures. Materials (Basel) 9:21–23. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9070589
Filgueira D, Holmen S, Melbø JK et al (2017) Enzymatic-assisted modification of TMP fibres for improving the interfacial adhesion with PLA for 3D printing. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 5:9338–9346. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b02351
Filgueira D, Solveig H, Melbø J et al (2018) 3D printable filaments made of biobased polyethylene biocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 10:1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10030314
Getachew A, Woldesenbet F (2016) Production of biodegradable plastic by polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) accumulating bacteria using low cost agricultural waste material. BMC Res Notes 9:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-016-2321-y
Gómez C, Torres FG, Nakamatsu J, Arroyo O (2006) Thermal and structural analysis of natural fiber reinforced starch-based biocomposites. Int J Polym Mater 55:37–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/00914030500522547
Husseinsyah S, Azmin AN, Ismail H (2013) Effect of maleic anhydride-grafted-polyethylene (MAPE) and Silane on properties of recycled polyethylene/chitosan biocomposites. Polym Plast Technol Eng 52:168–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/03602559.2012.734362
Imre B, Pukánszky B (2013) Compatibilization in bio-based and biodegradable polymer blends. Eur Polym J 49:1215–1233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2013.01.019
Isakov DV, Lei Q, Castles F et al (2016) 3D printed anisotropic dielectric composite with meta-material features. Mater Des 93:423–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.12.176
Jammalamadaka U, Tappa K (2018) Recent advances in biomaterials for 3D printing and tissue engineering. J Funct Biomater 9(1):22. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb9010022
Jeske H, Schirp A, Cornelius F (2012) Development of a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) method for quantitative analysis of wood flour and polypropylene in wood plastic composites (WPC). Thermochim Acta 543:165–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2012.05.016
Jiang L, Chen F, Qian J et al (2010) Reinforcing and toughening effects of bamboo pulp fiber on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) fiber composites. Ind Eng Chem Res 49:572–577. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie900953z
Kachrimanidou V, Kopsahelis N, Papanikolaou S et al (2014) Sunflower-based biorefinery: poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) production from crude glycerol, sunflower meal and levulinic acid. Bioresour Technol 172:121–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.08.044
Kangas H, Felissia FE, Filgueira D et al (2019) 3D printing high-consistency enzymatic nanocellulose obtained from a soda-ethanol-O2 pine sawdust pulp. Bioengineering 6:60. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering6030060
Keenan TM, Nakas JP, Tanenbaum SW (2006) Polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymers from forest biomass. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 33:616–626. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-006-0131-2
Keskin G, Klzll G, Bechelany M et al (2017) Potential of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) polymers family as substitutes of petroleum based polymers for packaging applications and solutions brought by their composites to form barrier materials. Pure Appl Chem 89:1841–1848. https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2017-0401
Khosravi-Darani K, Bucci DZ (2015) Application of poly(hydroxyalkanoate) in food packaging: improvements by nanotechnology. Chem Biochem Eng Q 29:275–285. https://doi.org/10.15255/CABEQ.2014.2260
Kobayashi G, Tanaka K, Itoh H et al (2000) Fermentative production of P(3HB-co-3HV) from propionic acid by Alcaligenes eutrophus in fed-batch culture with pH-stat continuous substrate feeding method. Biotechnol Lett 22:1067–1069. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005650132371
Krishnaiah P, Thevy Ratnam C, Manickam S (2018) Morphology water absorption and biodegradable properties of Polylactide biocomposites reinforced with sisal fibers. Mater Today Proc 5:22506–22516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.06.622
Kucera D, Benesova P, Ladicky P et al (2017) Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates using hydrolyzates of spruce sawdust: comparison of hydrolyzates detoxification by application of overliming, active carbon, and lignite. Bioengineering 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering4020053
Le Duigou A, Barbé A, Guillou E, Castro M (2019) 3D printing of continuous flax fibre reinforced biocomposites for structural applications. Mater Des 180:107884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.107884
Li Z, Yang J, Loh X (2016) Polyhydroxyalkanoates: opening doors for a sustainable future. NPG Asia Mater 8:e265–e220. https://doi.org/10.1038/am.2016.48
Li X, Ni Z, Bai S, Lou B (2018) Preparation and mechanical properties of fiber reinforced PLA for 3D printing materials. IOP Conf Ser mater Sci Eng 322:022012. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/322/2/022012
Maksymiak M, Debowska R, Bazela K et al (2015) Designing of biodegradable and biocompatible release and delivery systems of selected antioxidants used in cosmetology. Biomacromolecules 16:3603–3612. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01065
Marangoni C, Furigo A, De Aragão GMF (2002) Production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) by Ralstonia eutropha in whey and inverted sugar with propionic acid feeding. Process Biochem 38:137–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-9592(01)00313-2
Maso A, Cosmi F (2019) 3D-printed ankle-foot orthosis: a design method. Mater Today Proc 12:252–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.03.122
Michalak M, Kurcok P, Hakkarainen M (2017) Polyhydroxyalkanoate-based drug delivery systems. Polym Int 66:617–622. https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.5282
Montanheiro TL, Passador FR, De Oliveira MP et al (2016) Preparation and characterization of maleic anhydride grafted poly (hydroxybutyrate-CO-hydroxyvalerate)-PHBV-g-MA. Mater Res 19:229–235. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2015-0496
Narayanan A, Kumar VAS, Ramana KV (2014) Production and characterization of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) from Bacillus mycoides DFC1 using rice husk hydrolyzate. Waste Biomass Valor 5:109–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-013-9213-3
Ng HM, Saidi NM, Omar FS et al (2018) Thermogravimetric analysis of polymers. In: Encyclopedia of polymer science and technology, pp 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471440264.pst667
Nikzad M, Masood SH, Sbarski I (2011) Thermo-mechanical properties of a highly filled polymeric composites for fused deposition modeling. Mater Des 32:3448–3456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.01.056
Ning F, Cong W, Qiu J et al (2015) Additive manufacturing of carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites using fused deposition modeling. Compos Part B 80:369–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.06.013
Pinto-Ibieta F, Cea M, Cabrera F et al (2020) Strategy for biological co-production of levulinic acid and polyhydroxyalkanoates by using mixed microbial cultures fed with synthetic hemicellulose hydrolysate. Bioresour Technol 309:123323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123323
Poirier Y, Nawrath C, Somerville C (1997) Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates, a family of biodegradable plastics and elastomers, in bacteria and plants. Nat Biotechnol 17:129–130. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0295-142. PMID: 9634754
Rathbone S, Furrer P, Lübben J et al (2010) Biocompatibility of polyhydroxyalkanoate as a potential material for ligament and tendon scaffold material. J Biomed Mater Res Part A 93:1391–1403. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.32641
Raza ZA, Abid S, Banat IM (2018) Polyhydroxyalkanoates: characteristics, production, recent developments and applications. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 126:45–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2017.10.001
Rodrigues N, Benning M, Ferreira A et al (2016) Manufacture and characterization of porous PLA scaffolds. Proc CIRP 49:33–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2015.07.025
Ross G, Ross S, Tighe BJ (2017) Bioplastics: new routes, new products. In: Gilbert M (ed) Brydson’s plastics materials, 8th edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Rydz J, Šišková A, Andicsová Eckstein A (2019) Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy: topographic and dynamical surface studies of blends, composites, and hybrid functional materials for sustainable future. Adv Mater Sci Eng. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6871785
Rymansaib Z, Iravani P, Emslie E et al (2016) All-polystyrene 3D-printed electrochemical device with embedded carbon nanofiber-graphite-polystyrene composite conductor. Electroanalysis 28:1517–1523. https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.201600017
Salgaonkar BB, Bragança JM (2017) Utilization of sugarcane bagasse by halogeometricum borinquense strain e3 for biosynthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate). Bioengineering 4:50. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering4020050
Sánchez-Safont E, Aldureid A, Lagarón MJ et al (2018) Biocomposites of different lignocellulosic wastes for sustainable food packaging applications. Compos Part B 145:215–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.03.037
Silva JA, Tobella LM, Becerra J et al (2007) Biosynthesis of poly-β-hydroxyalkanoate by Brevundimonas vesicularis LMG P-23615 and Sphingopyxis macrogoltabida LMG 17324 using acid-hydrolyzed sawdust as carbon source. J Biosci Bioeng 103:542–546. https://doi.org/10.1263/jbb.103.542
Singh S, Mohanty AK (2007) Wood fiber reinforced bacterial bioplastic composites: fabrication and performance evaluation. Compos Sci Technol 67:1753–1763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.11.009
Singh S, Mohanty AK, Sugie T et al (2008) Renewable resource based biocomposites from natural fiber and polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (PHBV) bioplastic. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 39:875–886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2008.01.004
Sood M, Dwivedi G (2018) Effect of fiber treatment on flexural properties of natural fiber reinforced composites: a review. Egypt J Pet 27:775–783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2017.11.005
Stark NM, Berger MJ (1997) Effect of species and particle size on properties of wood-flour-filled polypropylene composites. In: Intertech conferences. Available in: https://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1997/stark97d.pdf
Steinbüchel A, Lütke-Eversloh T (2003) Metabolic engineering and pathway construction for biotechnological production of relevant polyhydroxyalkanoates in microorganisms. Biochem Eng J 16:81–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-703X(03)00036-6
Tan GYA, Chen CL, Li L et al (2014) Start a research on biopolymer polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA): a review. Polymers (Basel) 6:706–754. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym6030706
Tao Y, Wang H, Li Z et al (2017) Development and application of wood flour-filled polylactic acid composite filament for 3d printing. Materials (Basel) 10:1–6. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10040339
Tarrés Q, Melbø JK, Delgado-Aguilar M et al (2018) Bio-polyethylene reinforced with thermomechanical pulp fibers: mechanical and micromechanical characterization and its application in 3D-printing by fused deposition modelling. Compos Part B Eng 153:70–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.07.009
Tsujiyama SI, Miyamori A (2000) Assignment of DSC thermograms of wood and its components. Thermochim Acta 351:177–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6031(00)00429-9
Vallejos ME, Felissia FE, Area MC et al (2016) Nanofibrillated cellulose (CNF) from eucalyptus sawdust as a dry strength agent of unrefined eucalyptus handsheets. Carbohydr Polym 139:99–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.12.004
Volova TG, Shishatskaya E, Zhila N et al (2020) New generation formulations of agrochemicals. In: Current trends and future priorities, 1st edn. ISBN 9781774634288
Wang X, Jiang M, Zhou Z et al (2017) 3D printing of polymer matrix composites : a review and prospective. Compos Part B 110:442–458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.11.034
Wang L, Gardner DJ, Bousfield DW (2018) Cellulose nanofibril-reinforced polypropylene composites for material extrusion: rheological properties. Polym Eng Sci 58:793–801. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.24615
Wang S, Wang M, Liu Y et al (2019) Effect of rapamycin microspheres in Sjögren syndrome dry eye: preparation and outcomes. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 27:1357–1364. https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2018.1527369
Yamane T, Chen XF, Ueda S (1996) Growth-associated production of poly(3-hydroxyvalerate) from n-pentanol by a methylotrophic bacterium, Paracoccus denitrificans. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:380–384. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.62.2.380-384.1996
Yang HS, Kim HJ, Park HJ et al (2006) Water absorption behavior and mechanical properties of lignocellulosic filler-polyolefin bio-composites. Compos Struct 72:429–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2005.01.013
Zander NE, Park JH, Boelter ZR, Gillan MA (2019) Recycled cellulose polypropylene composite feedstocks for material extrusion additive manufacturing. ACS Omega 4:13879–13888. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b01564
Zawidlak-Wegrzyńska B, Kawalec M, Bosek I et al (2010) Synthesis and antiproliferative properties of ibuprofen-oligo(3-hydroxybutyrate) conjugates. Eur J Med Chem 45:1833–1842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.01.020
Zhong W, Li F, Zhang Z et al (2001) Short fiber reinforced composites for fused deposition modeling. Mater Sci Eng A 301:125–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(00)01810-4
Zhu W, Ma X, Gou M et al (2016) 3D printing of functional biomaterials for tissue engineering. Curr Opin Biotechnol 40:103–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2016.03.014
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the financial support from the ValBio-3D project Grant ELAC2015/T03-0715 (Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Production of Argentina, and Research Council of Norway, Grant no. 271054), CONICET, UNaM, and RISE PFI. Thanks to Kenneth Aasarød (RISE PFI) for performing the TGA and DSC analyses.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ehman, N., Ponce De León, A., Felissia, F., Vallejos, M., Area, M.C., Chinga-Carrasco, G. (2021). Biocomposites of Polyhydroxyalkanoates and Lignocellulosic Components: A Focus on Biodegradation and 3D Printing. In: Kuddus, M., Roohi (eds) Bioplastics for Sustainable Development. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1823-9_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1823-9_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-16-1822-2
Online ISBN: 978-981-16-1823-9
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)