Abstract
This chapter advances the argument that development NGOs are ideal candidates to fill the cosmopolitan agency gap. Many international NGOs envision a world without poverty and have decades of experience and extensive expertise in poverty reduction and development. Moreover, they have built a good reputation in the global North and are skilled at engaging the general public. I examine the history of five NGOs to represent the sector and three global events that NGOs have organised to evidence their competence. However, I also caution against over-simplification and undue optimism: NGOs have tried to advocate radical change for decades to little avail. I agree with many NGO practitioners that change to this sector is necessary, before real change can happen to global poverty.
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Notes
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Davies.
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Korten, 150–152.
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Edwards and Hulme, “Too Close for Comfort?”.
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Edwards and Hulme. Also see Anthony Bebbington, Samuel Hickey, and Diana Mitlin, Can NGOs Make a Difference? The Challenge of Development Alternatives (London: Zed, 2008).
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Susanna Campbell, Matthew DiGiuseppe and Amanda Murdie, “International Development NGOs and Bureaucratic Capacity: Facilitator or Destroyer?” Political Research Quarterly 72, no. 1 (2019): 3–18.
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David S.Brown, J. Christopher Brown and Scott W. Desposato, “Who Gives, Who Receives, and Who Wins? Transforming Capital into Political Change Through Nongovernmental Organizations,” Comparative Political Studies 41, no. 1 (2008): 24–47; Nicola Banks, David Hulme, and Michael Edwards, “NGOs, States, and Donors Revisited: Still Too Close for Comfort?” World Development 66 (2015): 707–718.
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Andrew Heiss and Judith Kelley, “Between a Rock and a Hard Place: International NGOs and the Dual Pressures of Donors and Host Governments,” The Journal of Politics 79, no. 2 (2017): 732–741; Khaldoun AbouAssi, “Hands in the Pockets of Mercurial Donors: NGO Response to Shifting Funding Priorities,” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 42, no. 3 (June 2013): 584–602.
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Banks, Hulme and Edwards, “NGOs, States, and Donors Revisited: Still Too Close for Comfort?”.
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- 30.
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Lewis and Kanji, Non-Governmental Organizations and Development, 15.
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David Korten, Getting to the 21st Century: Voluntary Action and the Global Agenda (Kumarian Press, 1990).
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Encyclopaedia Britannica, “Oxfam International.”
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Oxfam, “Oxfam Annual Report, 2010–2011,” accessed 9 June 2019, https://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/oxfam-annual-report-2010-11.pdf.
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Oxfam, “Oxfam Annual Report, April 2017 to March 2018,” accessed 9 June 2019, https://www-cdn.oxfam.org/s3fs-public/file_attachments/oxfam_annual_report_2017-2018_final_2.pdf.
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Oxfam, “Ripe for Change,” accessed 9 June 2019, https://www.oxfam.org/en/research/ripe-change.
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Larry Elliott, “Explosion in Wealth Inequality Needs Urgent Plan of Action, Says Oxfam,” Guardian, 29 October 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/oct/29/explosion-wealth-inequality-needs-urgent-plan-action-oxfam.
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CARE.
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V. Kasturi Rangan and Katharine Lee, “Repositioning CARE USA,” Harvard Business Review, 12 August 2008, https://hbr.org/product/repositioning-care-usa/509005-PDF-ENG.
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CARE, “History of CARE.”
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Rangan and Lee, “Repositioning CARE USA.”
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Han Dijsselbloem, Justin Fugle and Uwe Gneiting, “Child Sponsorship and Rights-Based Interventions at Plan: Tensions and Synergies,” in Brad Watson and Matthew Clarke eds., Child Sponsorship: Exploring Pathways to a Brighter Future (Springer, 2014), 116.
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Megan Moodie, “Microfinance and the Gender of Risk: The Case of Kiva.org,” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 38, no. 2 (Winter 2013): 279–302.
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Matt Flannery, “Kiva and the Birth of Person-to-Person Microfinance,” Innovations/Winter & Spring 2007, 39.
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Flannery, 39.
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Kiva, “Impact,” accessed 9 June 2019, https://www.kiva.org/about/impact.
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Kirk, “Beyond Charity,” 247.
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Helen Yanacopulos, International NGO Engagement, Advocacy, Activism: The Faces and Spaces of Change (Springer, 2015), 2.
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VSO.
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Cohen, States of denial, 178; also see Ian Smillie, “Public Support and the Politics of Aid,” Development 42, no. 3 (1999): 71–76; Matt Smith and Helen Yanacopulos, “The Public Faces of Development: An Introduction,” Journal of International Development 16, no. 5 (2004): 657–664.
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Ann Pettifor, “The Jubilee 2000 Campaign: A Brief Overview,” in Chris Jochnick and Fraser A. Preston eds., Sovereign Debt at the Crossroads: Challenges and Proposals for Resolving the Third World Debt Crisis (Oxford University Press, 2006), 301.
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Grenier, “Jubilee 2000,” 93–94.
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Grenier, 94.
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Meghnad Desai and Yahia Said, “The New Anti-capitalist Movement: Money and Global Civil Society,” Global civil society (2001): 51–78.
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Nick Buxton, “Debt Cancellation And Civil Society: A Case Study Of Jubilee 2000,” in P. Gready ed., Fighting for Human Rights (Routledge, 2004).
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Barbara Rugendyke, “Lilliputians or Leviathans? NGOs as Advocates,” in Barbara Rugendyke ed., NGOs as Advocates for Development in a Globalising World (Routledge, 2007), 25–38.
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Harrison, 396–399.
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Dogra, Representations of Global Poverty.
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Darnton and Kirk, Finding Frames, 34.
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Hugo Gorringe and Michael Rosie, “‘Pants to Poverty’? Making Poverty History, Edinburgh 2005,” Sociological Research Online 11, no. 1 (2006): 1–15.
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Ida McDonnell, Henri-Bernard Solignac Lecomte and Liam Wegimont eds., Public Opinion and the Fight Against Poverty (Development Centre Studies, Paris: OECD Publishing, 2003).
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European Commission, “Special Eurobarometer 476: EU Citizens and Development Cooperation,” September 2018, https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/sites/devco/files/ebs-476-report-20180925_en.pdf.
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Steven Kull, “American Public Support for Foreign Aid in the Age of Trump,” Brookings, 31 July 2017, https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/global-20170731-blum-stevenkull-brief-6.pdf.
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Helen V. Milner and Dustin Tingley, “Public Opinion and Foreign Aid: A Review Essay,” International Interactions 39, no. 3 (2013): 389–401.
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Mark Anderson, “UK Passes Bill to Honour Pledge of 0.7% Foreign Aid Target,” Guardian, 9 March 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/mar/09/uk-passes-bill-law-aid-target-percentage-income.
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OECD, “Aid for CSOs.”
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Riddell, Does Foreign Aid Really Work? 111.
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Smillie, “Public Support and the Politics of Aid,” 71–76.
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McDonnell, Lecomte and Wegimont eds., Public Opinion and the Fight against Poverty; OECD, “Partnering with Civil Society”; Glennie, Straw and Wild, “Understanding Public Attitudes to Aid and Development”; and Darnton and Kirk, Finding Frames.
- 108.
David Hudson and Jennifer vanHeerde-Hudson, “‘A Mile Wide and an Inch Deep’: Surveys of Public Attitudes Towards Development Aid,” International Journal of Development Education and Global Learning 4, no. 1 (2012): 5–23.
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PIPA, “Americans on Foreign Aid and World Hunger: A Study of U.S. Public Attitudes,” 2 February, accessed 1 July 2019, https://worldpublicopinion.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/ForeignAid_Feb01_rpt.pdf.
- 110.
Hudson and van Heerde-Hudson, “‘A Mile Wide and an Inch Deep’”; Sang-Seok Bae and Seoyong Kim, “A Mile Wide and an Inch Deep: Analyzing Europeans’ Attitudes Toward Development Aid by Using a Multilevel Model,” International Review of Public Administration 21, no. 3 (2016): 185–198; Spencer Henson and Johanna lindstrom, “A Mile Wide and an Inch Deep? Understanding Public Support for Aid: The Case of the United Kingdom,” World Development, 42 (2013): 67–75.
- 111.
Riddell, Does Foreign Aid Really Work? 113.
- 112.
Henson and Lindstrom, “A Mile Wide and an Inch Deep?”.
- 113.
Darnton and Kirk, Finding Frames; also see Chapter 2 of Dogra’s Representations of Global Poverty, and VSO, “The Live Aid Legacy.”
- 114.
Kirk, “Beyond Charity,” 248.
- 115.
Pogge, World Poverty and Human Rights, 5.
- 116.
Darnton and Kirk, Finding Frames.
- 117.
Darnton and Kirk.
- 118.
Kirk, “Beyond Charity,” 246.
- 119.
Kirk, 254.
- 120.
Kirk, 254.
- 121.
Kirk, 249.
- 122.
For instance, see Darnton and Kirk, Finding Frames and Bond, “Tomorrow’s World: How Might Megatrends in Development Affect the Future Roles of UK-based INGOs?,” 2015, https://www.bond.org.uk/sites/default/files/resource-documents/tomorrows_world_230215.pdf.
- 123.
Kirk, “Beyond Charity,” 249.
- 124.
Kirk, “Beyond Charity,” 250.
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Fang, V. (2021). NGOs and the Cosmopolitan Agency Gap. In: From Charity to Justice. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1433-0_6
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