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Fenugreek: A Wonder Spice with Versatile Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Applications

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Fenugreek

Abstract

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is commonly known as methi and used as a regular spice and leafy vegetable in India. It attracted the attention of researchers’ world over due to the structural diversity of chemicals present in it and a plethora of their pharmacological activities. It has been proved to be effective in treating metabolic disorders, analgesia and arthritis, inflammation, gastric ulcers, and having cytotoxic activity against a number of cancer cell lines. Trigonelline, 4-hydroxyisoleucine, diosgenin, and galactomannans exhibited strong anti-diabetic, anti-hyper-lipidemic, analgesic, and anti-cancer activities. Commercial processes and scale up methods were developed to prepare extracts rich in the above constituents. It is really amazing to note that diosgenin, which has been commercially used as the starting material for the synthesis of various steroid drugs, emerged as a molecule effective on breast, colon, and liver cancers. The analgesic and anti-pyretic activities of fenugreek are worth further studies as very few plants have this type of activity. 4-hydroxyisoleucine is a unique amino acid which is not found in many plants. Its anti-diabetic activity by sensitizing insulin, increasing insulin secretion, is amazing as this would render fenugreek’s anti-diabetic activity multipronged. Similarly, trigonelline, the alkaloid present in fenugreek seeds has strong anti-diabetic and analgesic activity. Sugaheal, a standardized fenugreek seed extract (rich in 4- hydroxy isoleucine and Trigonelline) is available in the market as an antidiabetic herbal medicine. Fenfuro, a standardized extract of fenugreek with high concentration furostan saponins is also effective in diabetes. The water soluble fiber rich in galactomannans has anti-diabetic, lipid-lowering activities. Thus every chemical/group of chemicals present in fenugreek and its chemical ingredients have potent pharmacological activities. More focused approach and co-ordinated efforts from national and international scientific and medical research community and pharmaceutical entrepreneurs are expected to bring out therapeutically potent products from this spice.

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Abbreviations

4-HIL:

4-Hydroxyisoleucine

5-LOX:

5-Lipoxigenase

ABTS:

2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)

ALP:

Alkaline phosphatase

ALT :

Alanine aminotransferase

ASP:

Aspartate transaminase

AST:

Aspartate amino transferase

CAT:

Catalase

Cdk:

Cyclin dependent kinase

CFA:

Complete Freund’s adjuvant

COX:

Cyclooxygenase

DPPH:

2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl

EDTA:

Ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid

ELISA:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

ESR:

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

FADD:

Fas-associated protein with death domain

FRAP:

The ferric reducing/antioxidant power

GH:

Growth hormone

GLUT4:

Glucose transporter type 4

GPx:

Glutathione peroxidase

GSH:

Glutatahione

HBA1c:

Glycosylated or glycated hemoglobin

HDL-C:

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol

HMG-CoAR:

3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase

i.p.:

Intra-peritoneal

IgE:

Immunoglobulin E

IGF-1:

Insulin-like growth factor 1

IL:

Interleukin

IRS-2 mRNA:

Insulin receptor substrate 2 mRNA

JAK:

Janus kinase

LDL:

Low density lipoprotein

LDL-C:

Low density lipoprotein cholesterol

LPO:

Lipid peroxidase

MPO:

Myeloperoxidase

MTT 3:

(4, 5-di methyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide

NF-kB:

Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cell

P2X:

Purinoreceptor 2X

PBMN:

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells

PCNA:

Proliferating-cell nuclear antigen

PGE2:

Prostaglandin E2

PI3-K:

Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase

PPAR :

Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor

PPARÎł:

Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor Îł

RANKL:

Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Î’ ligand

RBC:

Red blood cell count

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

RT-PCR:

Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction

SGPT:

Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase

SOD:

Superoxide dismutage

STAT3:

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3

STZ :

Streptozotocin

T2DM:

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

TFG:

Trigonella foenum-graecum

TG:

Triglyceride

TNF:

Tumor necrosis factor

VLDL:

Very low density lipoprotein

WBC:

White blood cell count

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Acknowledgement

We thank Dr. Manish Shah, Vice President of Lok Jagruti Kendra and Dr. Shreeraj Shah, Principal of L.J. Institute of Pharmacy for providing necessary facilities and infrastructure. We also thank Mr. Vijay Kevlani for helping in data compilation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacognosy, L.J. Institute of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, India

    Pundarikakshudu Kilambi & Priya A. Shah

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  1. Pundarikakshudu Kilambi
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  2. Priya A. Shah
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India

    M. Naeem

  2. Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Tariq Aftab

  3. Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India

    M. Masroor A. Khan

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© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

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Kilambi, P., Shah, P.A. (2021). Fenugreek: A Wonder Spice with Versatile Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Applications. In: Naeem, M., Aftab, T., Khan, M.M.A. (eds) Fenugreek. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1197-1_18

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