Abstract
Road traffic prediction is a necessary requirement for traffic management. Deep neural networks can perform multiple vehicle detection leading to traffic prediction. Neural networks trained on vehicles dataset detects multiple vehicles on road. Large area occlusion and vehicles that are there at far distances have lesser probability of detection. We propose a technique for improved estimate of traffic, despite presence of occlusion and poor detection probability in the video frame based on density based clustering. Grid averaged density estimated maps representing spatial-temporal traffic data are fed to a trained convolutional LSTM network to predict the road traffic. The output predictions are chosen from a 10 min horizon. The validation when done on 30 h of traffic video yielded a mean absolute percentage error equal to 4.55.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Zeiler, M.D., Fergus, R.: Visualizing and understanding convolutional networks. In: Fleet, D., Pajdla, T., Schiele, B., Tuytelaars, T. (eds.) ECCV 2014. LNCS, vol. 8689, pp. 818–833. Springer, Cham (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10590-1_53
Lin, T.-Y., Goyal, P., Girshick, R., He, K., Dollár, P.: Focal loss for dense object detection. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 2980–2988 (2017)
Redmon, J., Divvala, S., Girshick, R., Farhadi, A.: You only look once: unified, real-time object detection. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 779–788 (2016)
Liu, W., Anguelov, D., Erhan, D., Szegedy, C., Reed, S., Fu, C.-Y., Berg, A.C.: SSD: single shot multibox detector. In: Leibe, B., Matas, J., Sebe, N., Welling, M. (eds.) ECCV 2016. LNCS, vol. 9905, pp. 21–37. Springer, Cham (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46448-0_2
Wang, X., Hua, X., Xiao, F., Li, Y., Hu, X., Sun, P.: Multi-object detection in traffic scenes based on improved SSD. Electronics 7(11), 302 (2018)
Xingjian, S., Chen, Z., Wang, H., Yeung, D.-Y., Wong, W.-K., Woo, W.-C.: Convolutional LSTM network: a machine learning approach for precipitation nowcasting. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, pp. 802–810 (2015)
Toropov, E., Gui, L., Zhang, S., Kottur, S., Moura, J.M.: Traffic flow from a low frame rate city camera. In: 2015 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), pp. 3802–3806. IEEE (2015)
Zheng, Y., Peng, S.: Model based vehicle localization for urban traffic surveillance using image gradient based matching. In: 2012 15th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, pp. 945–950. IEEE (2012)
Chen, Y.-L., Wu, B.-F., Huang, H.-Y., Fan, C.-J.: A real-time vision system for nighttime vehicle detection and traffic surveillance. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 58(5), 2030–2044 (2010)
Chen, Z., Ellis, T., Velastin, S.A.: Vehicle detection, tracking and classification in urban traffic. In: 2012 15th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, pp. 951–956. IEEE (2012)
Polson, N.G., Sokolov, V.O.: Deep learning for short-term traffic flow prediction. Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol. 79, 1–7 (2017)
Zhang, C., Li, H., Wang, X., Yang, X.: Cross-scene crowd counting via deep convolutional neural networks. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 833–841 (2015)
Zhang, Y., Zhou, D., Chen, S., Gao, S., Ma, Y.: Single-image crowd counting via multi-column convolutional neural network. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 589–597 (2016)
Oñoro-Rubio, D., López-Sastre, R.J.: Towards perspective-free object counting with deep learning. In: Leibe, B., Matas, J., Sebe, N., Welling, M. (eds.) ECCV 2016. LNCS, vol. 9911, pp. 615–629. Springer, Cham (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46478-7_38
Zhao, Z., Li, H., Zhao, R., Wang, X.: Crossing-line crowd counting with two-phase deep neural networks. In: Leibe, B., Matas, J., Sebe, N., Welling, M. (eds.) ECCV 2016. LNCS, vol. 9912, pp. 712–726. Springer, Cham (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46484-8_43
Zhang, S., Wu, G., Costeira, J.P., Moura, J.M.: Understanding traffic density from large-scale web camera data. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 5898–5907 (2017)
Okutani, I., Stephanedes, Y.J.: Dynamic prediction of traffic volume through Kalman filtering theory. Transp. Res. Part B Methodol. 18(1), 1–11 (1984)
Xie, Y., Zhang, Y., Ye, Z.: Short-term traffic volume forecasting using Kalman filter with discrete wavelet decomposition. Comput.-Aided Civ. Infrastruct. Eng. 22(5), 326–334 (2007)
Yu, G., Hu, J., Zhang, C., Zhuang, L., Song, J.: Short-term traffic flow forecasting based on Markov chain model. In: IEEE IV2003 Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. Proceedings (Cat. No. 03TH8683), pp. 208–212. IEEE (2003)
Zhang, Y., Xie, Y.: Forecasting of short-term freeway volume with v-support vector machines. Transp. Res. Rec. 2024(1), 92–99 (2007)
Tan, H., Xuan, X., Wu, Y., Zhong, Z., Ran, B.: A comparison of traffic flow prediction methods based on DBN. In: CICTP 2016, pp. 273–283 (2016)
Bengio, Y., Lamblin, P., Popovici, D., Larochelle, H.: Greedy layerwise training of deep networks. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, pp. 153–160 (2007)
Ma, X., Tao, Z., Wang, Y., Yu, H., Wang, Y.: Long short-term memory neural network for traffic speed prediction using remote microwave sensor data. Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol. 54, 187–197 (2015)
Fu, R., Zhang, Z., Li, L.: Using LSTM and GRU neural network methods for traffic flow prediction. In: 2016 31st Youth Academic Annual Conference of Chinese Association of Automation (YAC), pp. 324–328. IEEE (2016)
Wang, J., Hu, F., Li, L.: Deep bi-directional long short-term memory model for short-term traffic flow prediction. In: Liu, D., Xie, S., Li, Y., Zhao, D., El-Alfy, E.-S. (eds.) ICONIP 2017. LNCS, vol. 10638, pp. 306–316. Springer, Cham (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70139-4_31
Lv, Y., Duan, Y., Kang, W., Li, Z., Wang, F.-Y.: Traffic flow prediction with big data: a deep learning approach. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 16(2), 865–873 (2014)
Huang, W., Song, G., Hong, H., Xie, K.: Deep architecture for traffic flow prediction: deep belief networks with multitask learning. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 15(5), 2191–2201 (2014)
Wu, Y., Tan, H.: Short-term traffic flow forecasting with spatial-temporal correlation in a hybrid deep learning framework, arXiv preprint arXiv:1612.01022 (2016)
Yu, H., Wu, Z., Wang, S., Wang, Y., Ma, X.: Spatiotemporal recurrent convolutional networks for traffic prediction in transportation networks. Sensors 17(7), 1501 (2017)
Jagadish, D.N., Mahto, L., Chauhan, A.: Density based clustering methods for road traffic estimation. In: IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON), pp. 885–890 (2020)
Sochor, J., Herout, A.: Unsupervised processing of vehicle appearance for automatic understanding in traffic surveillance. In: 2015 International Conference on Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications (DICTA), pp. 1–8. IEEE (2015)
Ester, M., Kriegel, H.-P., Sander, J., Xu, X.: A density-based algorithm for discovering clusters in large spatial databases with noise. In: Kdd, vol. 96, no. 34, pp. 226–231 (1996)
Zapata-Impata, B.S., Gil, P., Torres, F.: Learning spatio temporal tactile features with a convlstm for the direction of slip detection. Sensors 19(3), 523 (2019)
Grigorev, A.: Nevsky prospect traffic surveillance video (movement by the opposite lane cases hours). figshare, 25 December 2018. https://figshare.com/articles/Nevsky_prospect_traffic_surveillance_video_MOOL-cases_hours_/5841267/6. Accessed 25 May 2020
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Jagadish, D.N., Mahto, L., Chauhan, A. (2021). Deep Learning and Density Based Clustering Methods for Road Traffic Prediction. In: Singh, S.K., Roy, P., Raman, B., Nagabhushan, P. (eds) Computer Vision and Image Processing. CVIP 2020. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 1378. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1103-2_29
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1103-2_29
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-16-1102-5
Online ISBN: 978-981-16-1103-2
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)