Abstract
Several pieces of evidence suggest that sleep exhibits progressive phylogenetic development as well as inter- and intraspecies variation. Birds and mammals show a complex dual nature of sleep characterized as NREM and REM sleep. At the same time, aquatic mammals do not have REM sleep. The semiaquatic mammals exhibit REM sleep when they sleep on land but do not show REM sleep when they sleep in water. Interestingly, some birds and aquatic mammals also exhibit a unique sleep; that is, one side of the brain sleeps, and the other half of the brain remains awake. Such evolutionary changes in sleep are best suited for their survival as they can perform some difficult tasks while asleep. Furthermore, sleep gets significantly compromised under certain situations, such as during pregnancy and postpartum periods. We do not know yet if the compromise of sleep could be the demand of the situation and if it bears some cost on our health, or is it that nature helps in reappropriating the sleep demand. Sleep alteration at the micro- and macrolevels is common with normative aging, and certain changes are clearly linked with the pathophysiology conditions. In this chapter, we discuss the sleeping patterns, sleep strategies, and sleep consolidations across phylogeny and aging. It is essential for us to understand the current challenges in our society, where we experience poor sleep quality and insufficient sleep and we wake up tired almost every day. The sleepless society cannot be healthy and productive, and sleep disruption may cost our reproductive efficiency and, ultimately, our survival. It is, therefore, essential to learn from birds and aquatic mammals how to develop skills and strategies for sleep management.
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Jha, V.M., Jha, S.K. (2020). Sleep: Evolutionary and Adaptive Changes in Birds and Mammals. In: Sleep: Evolution and Functions. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7175-6_3
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