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The Diplomacy During the Peace Conference

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Chinese Diplomacy and the Paris Peace Conference

Part of the book series: China Connections ((CC))

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Abstract

Diplomacy and internal affairs affect each other. During the Paris Peace Conference, there were subtle and yet important interactions between the struggle of the cliques within the Beiyang government in Beijing and Chinese diplomacy.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    “Faguan 20 ri dian 法馆20日电” (December 29, 1918), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-067-02-001.

  2. 2.

    Jerry Israel, Progressivism and the Open Door: America and China, 1905–1921 (Pittsburgh, PA, 1971), p. 169.

  3. 3.

    “Fa waijiaobu dian 发外交部电” (January 27, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-010-05-001, Biji lucun 秘籍录存 [A Compilation of Secret Documents], p. 72, deleted extensivey Qingdao-Ji’nan railway and subsidiary rights as well as the part on playing off the US against Japan from this telegram.

  4. 4.

    FRUS, 1919, Paris Conference, vol. II, p. 528, Qin Shan, meiguo weierxun zhengfu duihua zhengce yanjiu 美国威尔逊政府对华政策研究 [A Study of the US China Policy During the Wilson Administration] (Beijing: zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe, 2005), p. 230.

  5. 5.

    “Fa Beijing waijiaobu dian 发北京外交部电” (January 13, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-010-05-001. The important person should be the State Secretary Lansing.

  6. 6.

    “Fa waijiaobu dian 发外交部电” (January 18, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-010-05-001.

  7. 7.

    “Bali hehui zhongguo daibiaotuan diyici huiyi lu 巴黎和会中国代表团《第1次会议录》” (2:45 p.m., January 21, 1919), Zhang Yizhi, ed., Shandong wenti huikan 山东问题汇刊 [Transactions on Shandong Issue (A)] (Taibei: Wenhai chunbanshe, 1986), pp. 141–142.

  8. 8.

    “Bali hehui zhongguo daibiaotun dierci huiyi lu 巴黎和会中国代表团《第2次会议录》” (3:00 p.m., January 22, 1919), Zhang Yizhi, ed., Shandong wenti huikan 山东问题汇刊 [Transactions on Shandong Issue (A)] (Taibei: Wenhai chunbanshe, 1986), pp. 142–143.

  9. 9.

    “Shou waijiaobu 21 ri dian 收外交部21日电” (January 23, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-006-01-001.

  10. 10.

    “Bali hehui daibiaotun disanci huiyi lu 巴黎和会中国代 表团《第3 次会议录》” (January 23, 1919), Zhang Yizhi, ed., Shandong wenti huikan 山东问题汇刊 [Transactions on Shandong Issue (A)] (Taibei: Wenhai chunbanshe, 1986), pp. 143–144 页.

  11. 11.

    “Fa waijiaobu dian 发外交部电” (January 23, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-010-05-001.

  12. 12.

    “Shou waijiaobu 24 ri dian 收外交部24日电” (January 25, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-006-01-001.

  13. 13.

    “Fa waijiaobu dian 发外交部电” (January 25, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-010-05-001.

  14. 14.

    Russell H. Fifield, Woodrow Wilson and the Far East: The Diplomacy of the Shantung Question (Archon Book, 1965), p. 140.

  15. 15.

    Minutes of the Council of Ten, January 27, 1919, FRUS, PPC, vol. III, pp. 735–737. Zhang Yongjin, China in the International System, 1918–1920, p. 53.

  16. 16.

    Guweijun huiyilu 顾维钧回忆录 [Wellington Koo’s Memoir] (book 1), pp. 183–184页, “Fa waijiaobu dian 发外交部电” (January 27, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-010-05-001, Miji lucun 秘籍录存, p. 72页. The Wellington Koo’s Memoir said that the invitation came after 14th hour. What was said above could be wrong. See Book I, p. 183.

  17. 17.

    “Fa waijiaobu dian 发外交部电” (January 27, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-010-05-001.

  18. 18.

    Memorandum of an Interview with Secretary Robert Lansing, January 27, 1919, Gu Papers, Box 3. Zhang Yongjin, China in the International System, 1918–1920, pp. 52–53. Jin wensi, “shandong wenti zhi wojian 山东问题之我见 [My View of Shandong Issue]”, 从巴黎和会到国联 [From Paris Peace Conference to the League of Nations] (Taibei: zhuanji wenxue chubanshe, 1967), p. 16.

  19. 19.

    Wang Yunsheng, liushi nian lai zhongguo yu riben 六十年来中国与日本 [China and Japan in the Past 60 Years] (Beijing: sanlian shudian, 2005), vol. 7, p. 264. Japan’s secret agreements with Britain, France, Italy, and Russia were signed from February to March 1917. At the time, Germany’s unlimited submarine war posed a great threat. It was very important to secure the assistance from Japanese navy. These secret agreements ensured that the entente nations would support Japan’s claims on German interests in Shandong and the Northern Pacific after the war.

  20. 20.

    “Fa waijiaobu dian 发外交部电” (January 27, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-010-05-001.

  21. 21.

    Guweijun huiyilu 顾维钧回忆录 [Wellington Koo’s Memoir] (book 1), p. 185.

  22. 22.

    Russell H. Fifield, Woodrow Wilson and the Far East: The Diplomacy of the Shantung Question, p. 140. Chen Sanjing, “Lu Zhengxiang yu bali hehui 陆征祥与巴黎和会 [Lu Zhengxiang and Paris Peace Conference]”, Taiwan shifan daxue lishi xuebao 2 (February 1974), p. 222.

  23. 23.

    “Fa waijiaobu dian 发外交部电” (January 27, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-010-05-001.

  24. 24.

    Memorandum of an Interview with President Wilson at Murat Mansion, January 27, 1919, Gu Papers, Box 3. Zhang Yongjin, China in the International System, 1918–1920, p. 54.

  25. 25.

    “Fa waijiaobu dian 发外交部电” (January 27, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-010-05-001.

  26. 26.

    Jin Wensi, “shandong wenti zhi wojian 山东问题之我见 [My View of Shandong Issue]”, 从巴黎和会到国联 [From Paris Peace Conference to the League of Nations] (Taibei: zhuanji wenxue chubanshe, 1967), p. 17.

  27. 27.

    “Fa waijiaobu dian 发外交部电” (January 28, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-010-05-001.

  28. 28.

    For the shorthand record of Gu’s speech, consult Jin Guangyao and Ma Jianbian, selected and compiled, Gu Weijun waijiao yanjiang ji 顾维钧外交演讲集 [A Collection of Speeches on Diplomacy by Wellington Koo] (Shanghai: shanghai cishu chubanshe, 2006), pp. 11–20页.

  29. 29.

    Wang Yunsheng, liushi nian lai zhongguo yu riben 六十年来中国与日本 [China and Japan in the Past 60 Years] (Beijing: sanlian shudian, 2005), vol. 7, p. 268.

  30. 30.

    Roy Watson Curry, wudeluo weierxun yu yuandong zhengce 伍德罗·威尔逊与远东政策 [Woodrow Wilson and Far Eastern Policy: 1913–1921], trans. Zhang Weiying and Zeng Xuebai (Beijing: shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe, 1994), pp. 254–255.

  31. 31.

    Guweijun huiyilu 顾维钧回忆录 (book 1), p. 186.

  32. 32.

    “shou fajing lu zongzhang(zhengxiang) dian 收法京陆总长 (征祥)电” (January 29, 1919), Lin Mingde, ed., Zhongri guanxi shiliao---bali hehui yu Shandong wenti (zhonghua minguo qi zhi ba nian) 中日关系史料——巴黎和会与山东问题(中华民国七年至八年) [Sino-Japan Relation Historical Sources—Paris Peace Conference and Shandong Issue (the 7th and 8th Year of the Republican Era)] (Taibei: Zhongyanyuan Jindaishi yanjiusuo, 2000), p. 35.

  33. 33.

    “Bali hehui zhongguo daibiaotuan disici huiyi lu 巴黎和会中国代表团《第4次会议录》” (5:00 p.m., January 28, 1919, the meeting was taking place at Gu’s residence), Zhang Yizhi, ed., Shandong wenti huikan 山东问题汇刊 (上) [Transactions on Shandong Issue (A)] (Taibei: Wenhai chunbanshe, 1986), p. 145.

  34. 34.

    Yan Huiqing riji 颜惠庆日记 (vol. 1), p. 815.

  35. 35.

    Robert Lansing, The Peace Negotiation (Boston and New York, 1921), p. 253. Qin Shan, meiguo weierxun zhengfu duihua zhengce yanjiu 美国威尔逊政府对华政策研究 [A Study of the US China Policy During the Wilson Administration] (Beijing: zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe, 2005), pp. 234–235.

  36. 36.

    “Bali hehui zhongguo daibiaotuan diwuci huiyi lu 巴黎和会中国代表团《第5次会议录》” (January 30, 1919), Zhang Yizhi, ed., Shandong wenti huikan 山东问题汇刊 (上) [Transactions on Shandong Issue (A)] (Taibei: Wenhai chunbanshe, 1986), p. 147. Zhang Yongjin, China in the International System, 1918–1920, p. 58.

  37. 37.

    “Fa waijiaobu dian 发外交部电” (January 30, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-010-05-001.

  38. 38.

    “Shou waijiaobu 30 ri dian 收外交部30日电” (January 31, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-006-01-001.

  39. 39.

    “Fa waijiaobu dian 发外交部电” (January 31, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-010-05-001.

  40. 40.

    “Shou guiwuyuan 31 ri dian 收国务院31日电” (February 1, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-006-02-001. The latter part of the passage refers to the removal of sphere of influence as indicated in the first item of the instruction dated January 8.

  41. 41.

    “Bali hehui zhongguo daibiaotun diqici huiyi lu 巴黎和会中国代表团《第7次会议录》” (12:30, February 1, 1919 年2月1日12:30), Zhang Yizhi, ed., Shandong wenti huikan 山东问题汇刊 (上) [Transactions on Shandong Issue (A)] (Taibei: Wenhai chunbanshe, 1986), p. 149.

  42. 42.

    Yanhuiqing riji 颜惠庆日记 (vol. 1), p. 816.

  43. 43.

    “日本外交文书——大正八年》 [Japanese Diplomatic Documents—8th Year of Daisho]” vol. 3 (A), pp. 113–114.

  44. 44.

    Zhang Yongjin, China in the International System, 1918–1920, p. 56.

  45. 45.

    “43 shou cizhang (February 2) huiwu riben xiaofan gongshi (youji) wenda” 收次长 (February 2) 会晤日本小幡公使 (酉吉)问答》 (received on February 5, 1919), Lin Mingde, ed., Zhongri guanxi shiliao---bali hehui yu Shandong wenti (zhonghua minguo qi zhi ba nian) 中日关系史料——巴黎和会与山东问题(中华民国七年至八年 [Sino-Japan Relation Historical Sources—Paris Peace Conference and Shandong Issue (the 7th and 8th year of the Republican era)] (Taibei: Zhongyanyuan Jindaishi yanjiusuo, 2000), pp. 39–4. Consult Chapter Four “Japanese minister Yukichi Obata’s Incidence of Intimidation”, Ying Junhao, gonggong yulun yu beiyang waijiao—yi bali hehui Shandong wenti wei zhongxin de yanjiu 公众舆论与北洋外交——以巴黎和会山东问题为中心的研究 [Public Opinion and Beiyang Diplomacy—A Study Centered on Shandong Issue at the Paris Peace Conference] (Taibei: zhengzhi daxue lishixi, 2001).

  46. 46.

    “Shou waijiaobu 3 ri dian 收外交部3日电” (February 5, 1919年), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-006-02-001.

  47. 47.

    “Bali hehui zhongguo daibiaotuan dibaci huiyi lu 巴黎和会中国代表团《第8次会议录》” (12:30, February 3, 1919), Zhang Yizhi, ed., Shandong wenti huikan 山东问题汇刊(上) [Transactions on Shandong Issue (A)] (Taibei: Wenhai chunbanshe, 1986), p. 150.

  48. 48.

    “Shou fajing lu zongzhang 5 ri dian 收法京陆总长5日电” (February 7, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-071-01-001.

  49. 49.

    “Shou fajing lu zongzhang 5 ri dian 收法京陆总长5日电” (February 13, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-071-01-001.

  50. 50.

    Yanhuiqing riji 颜惠庆日记 [W.W. Yen’s Diaries], vol. 1, p. 819.

  51. 51.

    “Bali hehui zhongguo daibiaotuan dishiici huiyi lu 巴黎和会中国代表团《第11次会议录》” (15:00, February 6, 1919), Zhang Yizhi, ed., Shandong wenti huikan 山东问题汇刊(上) [Transactions on Shandong Issue (A)] (Taibei: Wenhai chunbanshe, 1986), pp. 153–155.

  52. 52.

    Zhang Yongjin, China in the International System, 1918–1920, p. 58. Luzhengxiang, “Canjia ouzhou heping dahui fenlei baogao 参与欧洲和平大会分类报告”, Foreign Affair archives 03-12-008-04-021, Section Two, Shandong Question, latter part of page 3.

  53. 53.

    “Weierxun zhi lanxin han 威尔逊致蓝辛函” (February 7, 1919), Roy Watson Curry, wudeluo weierxun yu yuandong zhengce 伍德罗·威尔逊与远东政策 [Woodrow Wilson and Far Eastern Policy: 1913–1921], trans. Zhang Weiying and Zeng Xuebai (Beijing: shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe, 1994), p. 255.

  54. 54.

    “Bali hehui zhongguo lujun daibian tangzaili deng baogao hehui taolun qingdao wenti riben jiaheng qingkuang ji jianyi tuihuan jiaoji tielu hetong dian 巴黎和会中国陆军代表唐在礼等报告和会讨论青岛问题日本骄横情况及建议退还胶济铁路合同电” (February 8, 1919), The Second Historical Archives of China 中国第二历史档案馆, ed. Zhonghua minguoshi dang’an ziliao huibian [A Collection of Sources on the History of Republic China], vol. 3 Diplomacy (Nanjing: Jiansu renmin chubanshe, 1979), p. 403.

  55. 55.

    Dongfang zazhi 东方杂志 [The Eastern Miscellany] juan no. 16, issue no. 3, 1919 年2月, p. 272.

  56. 56.

    “Shou fajing lu zongzhang 10 ri dian 收法京陆总长10日电” (February 14, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-071-01-001.

  57. 57.

    Doc.15, Jordan to Curzon, February 11, 1919, BDFA, Part II, Series E, Asia, vol. 23, p. 22.

  58. 58.

    “Bali hehuo zhongguo daibiaotuan dishisanci huiyilu 巴黎和会中国代表团《第13次会议录》” (12:30, February 11, 1919), Zhang Yizhi, ed., Shandong wenti huikan 山东问题汇刊(上) [Transactions on Shandong Issue (A)] (Taibei: Wenhai chunbanshe, 1986), p. 156.

  59. 59.

    Yanhuiqing riji 颜惠庆日记 (juan no. 1), pp. 821–822.

  60. 60.

    “Fa fajing lu zongzhang dian 发法京陆总长电” (February 13, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-071-01-001.

  61. 61.

    “Fa waijiaobu dian 发外交部电” (February 13, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-011-01-001.

  62. 62.

    “Bali hehui zhongguo daibiaotuan dishiliuci huiyi lu 巴黎和会中国代表团《第16次会议录》” (2:30, February 13, 1919. Two meetings took place on that day), Zhang Yizhi, ed., Shandong wenti huikan 山东问题汇刊(上) [Transactions on Shandong Issue (A)] (Taibei: Wenhai chunbanshe, 1986), pp. 158–159.

  63. 63.

    “Fa waijiaobu dian 发外交部电》” (February 13, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-011-01-001. The date of the sending of the telegram should be the 14th. Wilsom left for the US February 14 and stayed for three weeks, when he submitted the draft of the League of Nations for discussion at the Congress.

  64. 64.

    “Bali hehui zhongguo daibiaotuan dishibaci huiyi lu 巴黎和会中国代表团《第18次会议录》” (February 15, 1919), Zhang Yizhi, ed., Shandong wenti huikan 山东问题汇刊(上) [Transactions on Shandong Issue (A)] (Taibei: Wenhai chunbanshe, 1986), pp. 159–160.

  65. 65.

    “Lu daibiao midian 陆代表密电”, quoted from Wang Yunsheng, liushi nian lai zhongguo yu riben 六十年来中国与日本 [China and Japan in the Past 60 Years] (Beijing: sanlian shudian, 2005), vol. 7, pp. 286–287.

  66. 66.

    “Shou guowuyuan shandian 收国务院删电” (February 17, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-006-02-001001.

  67. 67.

    “Bali hehui zhongguo diabiaotun yiershiwuci huiyi lu 巴黎和会中国代表团《第25次会议录》” (12:10, February 25, 1919), Zhang Yizhi, ed., Shandong wenti huikan 山东问题汇刊(上) [Transactions on Shandong Issue (A)] (Taibei: Wenhai chunbanshe, 1986), pp. 167–168.

  68. 68.

    Yanqinghui riji 《颜惠庆日记》 (juan no. 1), p. 831.

  69. 69.

    Yanhuijing riji 《颜惠庆日记》 (juan no. 1), pp. 831–832, “Guanyu lujun gongtong fangdi xieyi zhanzheng zhongliao zhi xieding 关于陆军共同防敌协议战争终了之协定” was signed on February 5 between Xu Shuzheng and Japan. It stipulated: the end of the warring state of Germany and Austria refers to the time when China and Japan approve peace agreement and when the armies of these two nations withdraw from outside of China and the withdraw of the entente nation armies. In fact this agreement was postpone its date of termination.

  70. 70.

    Yanhuiqing riji 《颜惠庆日记》 (juan no. 1), pp. 832, 834.

  71. 71.

    “Bali hehui zhongguo daibiaotuan disanshiliuci huiyi lu 巴黎和会中国代表团《第36次会议录》” (12:00, March 5,1919), Zhang Yizhi, ed., Shandong wenti huikan 山东问题汇刊(上) [Transactions on Shandong Issue (A)], (Taibei: Wenhai chunbanshe, 1986), pp. 165–166.

  72. 72.

    “Bali hehui zhongguo daibiaotun disanshibaci huiyi lu 巴黎和会中国代表团《第38次会议录》” (March 7, 1919), Zhang Yizhi, ed., Shandong wenti huikan 山东问题汇刊 (上) [Transactions on Shandong Issue (A)] (Taibei: Wenhai chunbanshe, 1986), p. 177.

  73. 73.

    For detail, see Sect. 3 of this chapter.

  74. 74.

    Wang Yunsheng, liushi nian lai zhongguo yu riben 六十年来中国与日本 [China and Japan in the Past 60 Years] (Beijing: sanlian shudian, 2005), vol. 7, p. 288, Waiguo dashiji 外国大事记》 (For March 10), Dongfang zazhi 东方杂志 (vol. 16, no. 4) April (1919), p. 232.

  75. 75.

    “Bali hehui zhongguo daibiaotuan disishici huiyi lu 巴黎和会中国代表团《第40次会议录》” (March 10, 1919), Zhang Yizhi, ed., Shandong wenti huikan 山东问题汇刊(上) [Transactions on Shandong Issue (A)] (Taibei: Wenhai chunbanshe, 1986), p. 178.

  76. 76.

    “Liangrengong bali laidian 梁任公巴黎来电”, Ta Kung Pao 大公报 (March 23, 1919), p. 1.

  77. 77.

    “Beijing teyue tongxun---zuori waijiao dalou xuanbu zhi miyue 北京特约通讯——昨日外交大楼宣布之密约”, Ta Kung Pao 大公报 (March 15, 1919), p. 1.

  78. 78.

    “Daishou cizhang huiwu riben xiaofan gongshi wenda---fabiao gexiang hetong shi 收代次长会晤日本小幡公使问答——发表各项合同事” (March 24, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-37-013-02-002.

  79. 79.

    Zhang Yongjin, China in the International System, 1918–1920, p. 59.

  80. 80.

    “Fa waijiaobu 发外交部电” (March 26, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-011-02-001. Memorandum of an Audience with President Wilson, March 24, 1919, Gu Papers, Box 3. Zhang Yongjin, China in the International System, 1918–1920, p. 66. Wang Yunsheng put the date as the 25th. See his liushi nian lai zhongguo yu riben 六十年来中国与日本 [China and Japan in the Past 60 Years] (Beijing: sanlian shudian, 2005), vol. 7, p. 289.

  81. 81.

    “Fa waijiaobu dian 发外交部电” (March 26, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-011-02-001.

  82. 82.

    “Fa waijiaobu dian 发外交部电” (March 28, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-011-02-001.

  83. 83.

    “Fa waijiaobu 5 ri dian 收外交部5日电” (April 7, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-068-01-001.

  84. 84.

    “Bali hehui zhongguo daibiaotuan diwushiqici huiyi lu 巴黎和会中国代表团《第57会议录》” (12:00, March 39, 1919), Zhang Yizhi, ed., Shandong wenti huikan 山东问题汇刊(上) [Transactions on Shandong Issue (A)] (Taibei: Wenhai chunbanshe, 1986), p. 190.

  85. 85.

    “Fa waijiaobu dian 发外交部电” (March 29, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-011-02-001.

  86. 86.

    “Shou guowuyuan 3 ri laidian 收国务院来3日电” (April 5, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-068-01-001.

  87. 87.

    “Shou waijiabu 1 ri dian 收外交部1日电” (April 4, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-068-01-001.

  88. 88.

    “Fa waijiaobu dian 发外交部电” (April 4, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-068-02-001.

  89. 89.

    “Fa waijiaobu dian 发外交部电” (April 3, 1919, kept in confidence), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-068-02-001.

  90. 90.

    “Fa waijiaobu dian 发外交部电” (April 4, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-068-02-001. An Interview with Mr. Lansing at hotel Crillon, April 4, 1919, Gu Papers, Box 3. Zhang Yongjin, China in the International System, 1918–1920, pp. 66–67.

  91. 91.

    “Fa waijiaobu dian 发外交部电” (April 4, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-068-02-001.

  92. 92.

    “Fa waijiaobu dian 发外交部电” (April 5, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-068-02-001.

  93. 93.

    Gu to Lansing, April 4, 1919, Gu Papers, Box 3, Lu to Balfour, April 8, 1919, FO608/209. Zhang Yongjin, China in the International System, 1918–1920, p. 67, “Fa waijiaobu dian 发外交部电” (April 8, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-068-02-001.

  94. 94.

    Fifield, Woodrow Wilson and the Far East, p. 212.

  95. 95.

    Wang Yunsheng, liushi nian lai zhongguo yu riben 六十年来中国与日本 [China and Japan in the Past 60 Years] (Beijing: sanlian shudian, 2005), vol. 7, pp. 304–305, Confidential telegrams from Delegate Lu.

  96. 96.

    Katsumi Usui, “fanersai huashengdun tizhi yu riben 凡尔赛华盛顿体制与日本” [Versailles-Washington System and Japan] in jindai riben waijiao yu zhongguo 近代日本外交与中国 [Modern Japanese Diplomacy and China], trans. Chen Pengren (Taibei: shuiniu chubanshe, 1989), p. 23.

  97. 97.

    “Fa waijiaobu dian 发外交部电” (April 15, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-068-02-001.

  98. 98.

    “Mantoux’s Notes of A Meeting of Council of Four”, April 15, 1919, Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 57, p. 359. Ying Junhao, gonggong yulun yu beiyang waijiao—yi bali hehui Shandong wenti wei zhongxin de yanjiu 公众舆论与北洋外交——以巴黎和会山东问题为中心的研究 [Public Opinion and Beiyang Diplomacy—A Study Centered on Shandong Issue at the Paris Peace Conference] (Taibei: zhengzhi daxue lishixi, 2001), p. 210.

  99. 99.

    Secretary’s Notes of a Conversation Held in M. Pichon’s Room at the Quai d’Orsay, Paris, on Tuesday, 15th April, 1919, at 3 p.m., FRUS: PPC, vol. 4, pp. 549–565. Ying Junhao, gonggong yulun yu beiyang waijiao—yi bali hehui Shandong wenti wei zhongxin de yanjiu 公众舆论与北洋外交——以巴黎和会山东问题为中心的研究 [Public Opinion and Beiyang Diplomacy—A Study Centered on Shandong Issue at the Paris Peace Conference] (Taibei: zhengzhi daxue lishixi, 2001), pp. 210–212.

  100. 100.

    “Fa waijiaobu dian 发外交部电” (April 19, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-068-02-001.

  101. 101.

    “Fa waijiaobu dian 发外交部电” (April 17, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-068-02-001.

  102. 102.

    Secretary’s Notes of a Conversation Held in M. Pichon’s Room at the Quai d’Orsay, Paris, on Tuesday, 17th April, 1919, at 3 p.m., FRUS: PPC, vol. 4, pp. 569–570. Ying Junhao, gonggong yulun yu beiyang waijiao—yi bali hehui Shandong wenti wei zhongxin de yanjiu 公众舆论与北洋外交——以巴黎和会山东问题为中心的研究 [Public Opinion and Beiyang Diplomacy—A Study Centered on Shandong Issue at the Paris Peace Conference] (Taibei: zhengzhi daxue lishixi, 2001), p. 212.

  103. 103.

    “Mantoux’s Notes of a Meeting of Council of Four”, April 18, 1919, PWW, vol. 57, p. 454. Ying Junhao, gonggong yulun yu beiyang waijiao—yi bali hehui Shandong wenti wei zhongxin de yanjiu 公众舆论与北洋外交——以巴黎和会山东问题为中心的研究 [Public Opinion and Beiyang Diplomacy—A Study Centered on Shandong Issue at the Paris Peace Conference] (Taibei: zhengzhi daxue lishixi, 2001), p. 213. Zhang Yongjin, China in the International System, 1918–1920, p. 68.

  104. 104.

    日本外交文书——巴黎讲和会议经过概要 [Japanese Diplomatic Documents—A Synopsis of the Process of the Paris Peace Conference], pp. 38, 40.

  105. 105.

    “Fa waijiaobu dian 发外交部电” (April 21, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-068-02-001.

  106. 106.

    Zhang Yongjin, China in the International System, 1918–1920, p. 69.

  107. 107.

    “Viscount Sutemi Chinda to Robert Lansing”, April 21, 1919, PWW, vol. 57, pp. 597–598. Ying Junhao, gonggong yulun yu beiyang waijiao—yi bali hehui Shandong wenti wei zhongxin de yanjiu 公众舆论与北洋外交——以巴黎和会山东问题为中心的研究 [Public Opinion and Beiyang Diplomacy—A Study Centered on Shandong Issue at the Paris Peace Conference] (Taibei: zhengzhi daxue lishixi, 2001), p. 214.

  108. 108.

    “From Robert Lansing to Woodrow Wilson”, April 21, 1919, PWW, vol. 57, p. 597. Ying Junhao, gonggong yulun yu beiyang waijiao—yi bali hehui Shandong wenti wei zhongxin de yanjiu 公众舆论与北洋外交——以巴黎和会山东问题为中心的研究 [Public Opinion and Beiyang Diplomacy—A Study Centered on Shandong Issue at the Paris Peace Conference] (Taibei: zhengzhi daxue lishixi, 2001), p. 214.

  109. 109.

    “Zai faguo songjing dashi zhi neitian waiwu dachen (dianbao)” 在法国松井大使致内田外务大臣 (电报)》 (April 22, 1919), 《日本外交文书——大正八年》 [Japanese Diplomatic Documents—8th Year of Daisho], vol. 3 (A), pp. 244–247. “A Translation of a Telegram from Keshiro Masui to Viscount Yasuya Uchida”, PWW, vol. 57, pp. 581–585. Ying Junhao, gonggong yulun yu beiyang waijiao—yi bali hehui Shandong wenti wei zhongxin de yanjiu 公众舆论与北洋外交——以巴黎和会山东问题为中心的研究 [Public Opinion and Beiyang Diplomacy—A Study Centered on Shandong Issue at the Paris Peace Conference] (Taibei: zhengzhi daxue lishixi, 2001), pp. 213–218.

  110. 110.

    Zhang Yongjin, China in the International System, 1918–1920, p. 69.

  111. 111.

    “Hankey’s and Mantoux’s Notes of A Meeting of Council of Four”, April 22, 1919, PWW, vol. 57, pp. 599–608. “Zai faguo songjing dashi zhi neitian waiwu dachen (dianbao)” 在法国松井大使致内田外务大臣 (电报)》 (April 23, 1919), 日本外交文书——大正八年 [Japanese Diplomatic Documents—8th Year of Daisho[, vol. 3 (A), pp. 248–250, 日本外交文书——巴黎讲和会议经过概要 [Japanese Diplomatic Documents—A Synopsis of the Process of the Paris Peace Conference], pp. 51–52, Ying Junhao, gonggong yulun yu beiyang waijiao—yi bali hehui Shandong wenti wei zhongxin de yanjiu 公众舆论与北洋外交——以巴黎和会山东问题为中心的研究 [Public Opinion and Beiyang Diplomacy—A Study Centered on Shandong Issue at the Paris Peace Conference] (Taibei: zhengzhi daxue lishixi, 2001), pp. 218–222.

  112. 112.

    Zhang Yongjin, China in the International System, 1918–1920, p. 69. Roy Watson Curry, wudeluo weierxun yu yuandong zhengce 伍德罗·威尔逊与远东政策 [Woodrow Wilson and Far Eastern Policy: 1913–1921], trans. Zhang Weiying and Zeng Xuebai (Beijing: shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe, 1994), p. 261.

  113. 113.

    Roy Watson Curry, wudeluo weierxun yu yuandong zhengce 伍德罗·威尔逊与远东政策 [Woodrow Wilson and Far Eastern Policy: 1913–1921], trans. Zhang Weiying and Zeng Xuebai (Beijing: shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe, 1994), p. 25.

  114. 114.

    “Hankey’s and Mantoux’s Notes of A Meeting of Council of Four”, April 22, 1919, PWW, vol. 57, pp. 615–625. Ying Junhao, gonggong yulun yu beiyang waijiao—yi bali hehui Shandong wenti wei zhongxin de yanjiu 公众舆论与北洋外交——以巴黎和会山东问题为中心的研究 [Public Opinion and Beiyang Diplomacy—A Study Centered on Shandong Issue at the Paris Peace Conference] (Taibei: zhengzhi daxue lishixi, 2001), pp. 223–225.

  115. 115.

    “Hankey’s and Mantoux’s Notes of A Meeting of Council of Four”, April 22, 1919, PWW, vol. 57, pp. 626–627. Ying Junhao, gonggong yulun yu beiyang waijiao—yi bali hehui Shandong wenti wei zhongxin de yanjiu 公众舆论与北洋外交——以巴黎和会山东问题为中心的研究 [Public Opinion and Beiyang Diplomacy—A Study Centered on Shandong Issue at the Paris Peace Conference] (Taibei: zhengzhi daxue lishixi, 2001), p. 225.

  116. 116.

    Consult Wang Dong, zhongguo de bupingdeng tiaoyue: guochi yu minzu lishi xushu 中国的不平等条约:国耻与民族历史叙述 [China’s Unequal Treaties: A Narration of National Disgrace and National History] (Shanghai: Fuda daxue chubanshe, 2011), pp. 60–62, Tang Qihua, “lun ‘qingshi bianqian yuanze’ zai zhongguo waijiaoshi de yunyong 论“情势变迁原则”在中国外交史的运用 [On the Application of the clausula rebus sicstantibus (Principle of Vital Change Of Circumstances) in the History of Chinese Diplomacy]”, shehui kexue yanjiu 3 (2011), pp. 135–147.

  117. 117.

    “Hankey’s and Mantoux’s Notes of A Meeting of Council of Four”, April 22, 1919, PWW, vol. 57, pp. 624–625. Ying Junhao, gonggong yulun yu beiyang waijiao—yi bali hehui Shandong wenti wei zhongxin de yanjiu 公众舆论与北洋外交——以巴黎和会山东问题为中心的研究 [Public Opinion and Beiyang Diplomacy—A Study Centered on Shandong Issue at the Paris Peace Conference] (Taibei: zhengzhi daxue lishixi, 2001), pp. 224–225.

  118. 118.

    Lu Zhengxiang, “Canyu ouzhou heping dahui fenlei baogao 参与欧洲和平大会分类报告”, Foreign Affair archives 03-12-008-04-021, Two, Shandong Issue, lower part of page 4.

  119. 119.

    Lu Zhengxiang: “Canyu ouzhou heping dahui fenlei baogao 参与欧洲和平大会分类报告”, Foreign Affair archives 03-12-008-04-021, Two, Shandong Issue, up part of Page 5; Nine, Conditions of Hope for China, page 1 up and lower parts.

  120. 120.

    “Bali hehui zhongguo daibiaotun diqishierci huiyi lu 巴黎和会中国代表团《第72会议录》” (April 22, 1919), Zhang Yizhi, ed., Shandong wenti huikan 山东问题汇刊 [Transactions on Shandong Issue (A)] (Taibei: Wenhai chunbanshe, 1986), pp. 197–199页, “Fa waijiaobu dian 发外交部电” (April 22, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-068-02-001.

  121. 121.

    Zhang Yongjin, China in the International System, 1918–1920, p. 71.

  122. 122.

    Lu Zhengxiang, “Canyu ouzhou heing dahui fenlei baogao 参与欧洲和平大会分类报告”, Foreign Affair archives 03-12-008-04-021, Two, Shandong Issue, Page 5, lower part. For English version, see “From Lu Cheng-hsiang to Woodrow Wilson”, April 24, 1919, PWW, vol. 58, pp. 68–70. Ying Jinhao in his 公众舆论与北洋外交 [Public Opinion and Beiyang Diplomacy] put the date as 23rd (pp. 225–226).

  123. 123.

    “Weili zhi weierxun han 卫理致威尔逊函” (April 24, 1919), Roy Watson Curry, wudeluo weierxun yu yuandong zhengce 伍德罗·威尔逊与远东政策 [Woodrow Wilson and Far Eastern Policy: 1913–1921], trans. Zhang Weiying and Zeng Xuebai (Beijing: shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe, 1994), pp. 260–261.

  124. 124.

    Lu Zhengxiang, “Canyu ouzhou heping dahui fenlei baogao 参与欧洲和平大会分类报告”, Foreign Affair archives 03-12-008-04-021, Two, Shandong Issue, Page 5, lower part, “Fa waijiaobu yangdian 发外交部漾电” (April 24, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-068-02-001.

  125. 125.

    “Shou fajing lu zongzhang 24 ri dian 收法京陆总长24日电” (April 30, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-071-01-001.

  126. 126.

    “Shou fajing lu zongzhang 24 ri dian 收法京陆总长24日电” (April 30, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-071-01-001.

  127. 127.

    “Hankey’s and Mantoux’s Notes of A Meeting of Council of Four”, April 25, 1919, PWW, vol. 58, pp. 129–133. Ying Junhao, gonggong yulun yu beiyang waijiao—yi bali hehui Shandong wenti wei zhongxin de yanjiu 公众舆论与北洋外交——以巴黎和会山东问题为中心的研究 [Public Opinion and Beiyang Diplomacy—A Study Centered on Shandong Issue at the Paris Peace Conference] (Taibei: zhengzhi daxue lishixi, 2001), p. 227.

  128. 128.

    “From the Diary of Dr. Grayson”, April 25, 1919, PWW, vol. 58, pp. 111–113. 应俊豪:《公众舆论与北洋外交》, pp. 235–236.

  129. 129.

    Charles Seymour, Intimate Papers of Colonel House, p. 451. 秦珊:《美国威尔逊政府对华政策研究》, p. 243.

  130. 130.

    日本外交文书——巴黎讲和会议经过概要 [Japanese Diplomatic Documents—A Synopsis of the Process of the Paris Peace Conference], p. 57, Doc.24, Balfour to Curzon, May 8, 1919, BDFA, Part II, Series E, Asia, vol. 23, pp. 46–47.

  131. 131.

    “A Memorandum by Edward Thomas Williams”, April 26, 1919, PWW, vol. 58, pp. 165–168. “Zai faguo songjing dashi zhi tiannei waiwu dachen (dianbao) 在法国松井大使致内田外务大臣 (电报)” (April 28, 1919), 日本外交文书——大正八年 [Japanese Diplomatic Documents—8th Year of Daisho], vol. 3 (A), pp. 261–263, 《日本外交文书——巴黎讲和会议经过概要》 [Japanese Diplomatic Documents—A Synopsis of the Process of the Paris Peace Conference], p. 561.

  132. 132.

    Roy Watson Curry, wudeluo weierxun yu yuandong zhengce 伍德罗·威尔逊与远东政策 [Woodrow Wilson and Far Eastern Policy: 1913–1921], trans. Zhang Weiying and Zeng Xuebai (Beijing: shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe, 1994), pp. 262–263.

  133. 133.

    “Fa waijiaobu 发外交部” (April 26, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-068-02-001.

  134. 134.

    President Wilson’s Proposal: Surrender to China of all rights of sovereignty and retention with regard to the railway and the mines only of the economic rights of the concessionaire, to retain however privilege of establishing a nonexclusive settlement at Tsingtau. See 日本外交文书——巴黎讲和会议经过概要 [Japanese Diplomatic Documents—A Synopsis of the Process of the Paris Peace Conference], p. 68.

  135. 135.

    Balfour’s Proposal: (1) The declared policy of Japan is to hand to China at the earliest date the sovereignty of shantung Peninsula and to retain only the economic privileges by Germany. (2) The intention of the clauses relating to policy is merely to give the owner of the railway security for traffic and will be used for no other purpose. (3) Such Japanese instructors as may be required to assist in policing the railway may be selected by the company. See 日本外交文书——巴黎讲和会议经过概要》 [Japanese Diplomatic Documents—A Synopsis of the Process of the Paris Peace Conference], p. 68.

  136. 136.

    Lu Zhengxiang, “Canyu ouzhou heping dahui fenlei baogao 参与欧洲和平大会分类报告”, Foreign Affair archives 03-12-008-04-021, Two, Shandong Issue, Page 6 up part, 日”本外交文书——巴黎讲和会议经过概要》 [Japanese Diplomatic Documents—A Synopsis of the Process of the Paris Peace Conference], pp. 69–71, Charles Seymour, Intimate Papers of Colonel House, p. 454. Qin Shan, meiguo weierxun zhengfu duihua zhengce yanjiu 美国威尔逊政府对华政策研究 [A Study of the US China Policy During the Wilson Administration] (Beijing: zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe, 2005), p. 244.

  137. 137.

    “Shou zhuri zhuang daiban 29 ri dian 收驻日庄代办29日电” (April 30, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-071-01-001.

  138. 138.

    “Shou guowuyuan 29 ri dian 收国务院29日电” (May 1, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-068-03-001.

  139. 139.

    Roy Watson Curry, wudeluo weierxun yu yuandong zhengce 伍德罗·威尔逊与远东政策 [Woodrow Wilson and Far Eastern Policy: 1913–1921], trans. Zhang Weiying and Zeng Xuebai (Beijing: shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe, 1994), p. 266, 《日本外交文书——巴黎讲和会议经过概要 [Japanese Diplomatic Documents—A Synopsis of the Process of the Paris Peace Conference], pp. 73–77, Lu Zhengxiang, “Canyu ouzhou heping dahui fenlei baogao 参与欧洲和平大会分类报告”, Foreign Affair archives 03-12-008-04-021, Two, Shandong Issue, Page 6 up part.

  140. 140.

    Doc.24, Balfour to Curzon, May 8, 1919, BDFA, Part II, Series E, Asia, vol. 23, pp. 46–47.

  141. 141.

    Lansing, The Peace Negotiations, p. 261. Qin Shan, meiguo weierxun zhengfu duihua zhengce yanjiu 美国威尔逊政府对华政策研究 [A Study of the US China Policy During the Wilson Administration] (Beijing: zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe, 2005), p. 245.

  142. 142.

    Roy Watson Curry, wudeluo weierxun yu yuandong zhengce 伍德罗·威尔逊与远东政策 [Woodrow Wilson and Far Eastern Policy: 1913–1921], trans. Zhang Weiying and Zeng Xuebai (Beijing: shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe, 1994), p. 268.

  143. 143.

    Guweijun huiyilu 顾维钧回忆录 (book 1), p. 199.

  144. 144.

    Yanhuiqing riji 颜惠庆日记 (vol. 1), p. 856.

  145. 145.

    “Bali hehui zhongguo daibiaotuan diqishisi huiyi lu 巴黎和会中国代表团《第74会议录》” (April 30, 1919), Zhang Yizhi, ed., Shandong wenti huikan 山东问题汇刊(上) [Transactions on Shandong Issue (A)] (Taibei: Wenhai chunbanshe, 1986), p. 199.

  146. 146.

    “Fa fajing lu zongzhang dian 发法京陆总长电” (April 30, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-071-01-001.

  147. 147.

    “Memorandum by Robert Lansing”, April 28, 1919, PWW, vol. 58, p. 185. Zhang Yongjin, China in the International System, 1918–1920, pp. 72–73. Ying Junhao, gonggong yulun yu beiyang waijiao—yi bali hehui Shandong wenti wei zhongxin de yanjiu 公众舆论与北洋外交——以巴黎和会山东问题为中心的研究 [Public Opinion and Beiyang Diplomacy—A Study Centered on Shandong Issue at the Paris Peace Conference] (Taibei: zhengzhi daxue lishixi, 2001), p. 238.

  148. 148.

    Ying Junhao, gonggong yulun yu beiyang waijiao—yi bali hehui Shandong wenti wei zhongxin de yanjiu 公众舆论与北洋外交——以巴黎和会山东问题为中心的研究 [Public Opinion and Beiyang Diplomacy—A Study Centered on Shandong Issue at the Paris Peace Conference] (Taibei: zhengzhi daxue lishixi, 2001), p. 239.

  149. 149.

    “Fajing lu zhuanshi dian, houanyu 法京陆专使电” 后按语 (May 1, 1919), Biji lucun 秘籍录存 [A Compilation of Secret Documents], p. 137.

  150. 150.

    On Relation between China and the Establishment of the League of Nations, consult Tang Qihua, beijing zhengfu yu guoji lianmeng (1919–1928) 北京政府与国际联盟 (1919–1928) [Beijing Government and the League of Nations (1919–1928)] (Taibei: dongda tushu gongsi, 1998), chapter one, Zhang Li, guoji hezuo zai zhongguo---guoji lianmeng jiaose de kaocha (1919–1946) 国际合作在中国——国际联盟角色的考察 (1919–1946) [International Cooperation in China—An Investigation of the Role of the League of Nations (1919–1946)] (Taibei: zhongyanyuan jindaishi yanjiusuo, 1979), Chapter one, Section one.

  151. 151.

    Guweijun huiyilu 顾维钧回忆录 (book 5), p. 391.

  152. 152.

    “Dian waijiaobu 电外交部” (November 26, 1918), Foreign Affair archives 03-12-008-02-074, Guweijun huiyilu 顾维钧回忆录 (book 1), pp. 170–171.

  153. 153.

    “Bali hehui zhongguo daibiaotuan disanci huiyi lu 巴黎和会中国代表团《第3次会议录》” (January 23, 1919), Zhang Yizhi, ed., Shandong wenti huikan 山东问题汇刊(上) [Transactions on Shandong Issue (A)] (Taibei: Wenhai chunbanshe, 1986), pp. 143–144页.

  154. 154.

    “Fa waijiaobu dian 发外交部电” (January 25, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-010-05-001.

  155. 155.

    “Fa waijiaobu dian 发外交部电” (January 27, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-010-05-001.

  156. 156.

    “Bali hehui zhongguo daibiaotuan dishibaci huiyilu 巴黎和会中国代表团《第18次会议录》” (February 15, 1919), Zhang Yizhi, ed., Shandong wenti huikan 山东问题汇刊(上) [Transactions on Shandong Issue (A)] (Taibei: Wenhai chunbanshe, 1986), pp. 160–161.

  157. 157.

    “Bali hehui zhongghuo daibiaotuan di wushiqici huiyi lu 巴黎和会中国代表团《第57次会议录》” (March 29, 1919), Zhang Yizhi, ed., Shandong wenti huikan 山东问题汇刊(上) [Transactions on Shandong Issue (A)] (Taibei: Wenhai chunbanshe, 1986), p. 190.

  158. 158.

    “Shou fajing lu zngzhang dian---luan zai hehu shibai zhi fuza qingxing you 收法京陆总长电——鲁案在和会失败之复杂情形由” (May 17, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-33-150-02-028.

  159. 159.

    “Shou yihe quanquan dashi banshichu 5 yue 2 ri han 收议和全权大使办事处5月2日函” (July 19, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-37-003-02-038.

  160. 160.

    For examples Florence Wilson, The Origins of the Covenant: Documentary History of Its Drafting (London: Houghton Press, 1928), pp. 76–82, Elmer Bendiner, A Time for Angels, The Tragicomic History of the League of Nations (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1975), pp. 112–113.

  161. 161.

    Yan qinghui zizhuan---yiwei minguo yuanlao de lishi jiyi 颜惠庆自传——一位民国元老的历史记忆 [East-West kaleidoscope, 1877–1944: An Autobiography], trans. Wu Jianyong, Li Baochen and Ye Fengmei (Beijing: shangwu yinshuguan, 2003), pp. 137–138.

  162. 162.

    “Lingxian ying zhushi mianjiao shuitie yijian---zhongguo wei jiaozhan guo 领衔英朱使面交说帖一件——中国为交战国” (October 31, 1918), Foreign Affair archives 03-36-177-02-005.

  163. 163.

    For Beijing government’s measures against Germany, consult Tang Qihua, bei “feichu bupingde tiaoyue” zhebi de beiyang xiuyue shi (1912–1928) 被“废除不平等条约”遮蔽的北洋修约史 (1912–1928) [Treaty Revision Campaign of the Beijing Government, 1912–1928: Out of the Shadow of the “Abrogation of Unequal Treaties”] (Beijing: shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe, 2010). Chapter 4, Section 2.

  164. 164.

    “Fa fajing zhongguo shiguan dian 发法京中国使馆电” (November 28, 1918), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-067-01-001.

  165. 165.

    “Zhudan yan gonshi 11 ri dian 驻丹颜公使11日电” (December 13, 1918), Foreign Affair archives 03-37-011-03-013. Yanhuiqing riji 颜惠庆日记 said on November 21, 1918: there are together 13 clauses on the treaty with Germany (vol. 1, p. 784).

  166. 166.

    “Yan gongshi 19 ri dian 颜公使19日电” (December 20, 1918), Foreign Affair archives 03-37-011-03-014.

  167. 167.

    Ibid.

  168. 168.

    “Bali hehui zhongguo daibiaotuan dierci huiyi lu 巴黎和会中国代表团《第2次会议录》” (3:00 p.m., January 22, 1919), “disanci huiyi lu第3次会议录” (January 23, 1919), “dishierci huiyi lu第12次会议录” (February 10, 1919), Zhang Yizhi, ed., Shandong wenti huikan 山东问题汇刊(上) [Transactions on Shandong Issue (A)] (Taibei: Wenhai chunbanshe, 1986), pp. 142, 143, 155.

  169. 169.

    “Bali hehui zhongguo daibiaotuan disanshici huiyi lu 巴黎和会中国代表团《第30次会议录》” (8: 45 p.m., February 28, 1919), “disanshisici huiyi lu 第34次会议录” (8:00 p.m., March 3, 1919), Zhang Yizhi, ed., Shandong wenti huikan 山东问题汇刊(上) [Transactions on Shandong Issue (A)] (Taibei: Wenhai chunbanshe, 1986), pp. 172, 174, 175.

  170. 170.

    “Bali hehui zhongguo daibiaotuandi sanshiqicihuiyi lu 巴黎和会中国代表团《第37次会议录》” (8:45 p.m., March 6, 1919), Zhang Yizhi, ed., Shandong wenti huikan 山东问题汇刊 [Transactions on Shandong Issue] (Taibei: Wenhai chunbanshe, 1986), p. 176.

  171. 171.

    Yanhui qing riji 颜惠庆日记 said on February 27, 1919: “Various requests to Germany that Gu and I reviewed one more time were practically those that I had suggested. The war indemnity was put on reserve” (vol. 1, p. 830).

  172. 172.

    “Fa waijiaobu dian 发外交部电” (April 28, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 《外交档案》 03-13-068-02-001, Biji lucun 秘籍录存 [A Compilation of Secret Documents 秘籍录存], pp. 138–139.

  173. 173.

    “Fajing lu zhuanshi dian 法京陆专使电” 各件 (various pieces) (April 16–30, 1919), Biji lucun 秘籍录存 [A Compilation of Secret Documents], pp. 138–139.

  174. 174.

    “Fajing lu zhuanshi deng dian 法京陆专使等电” (May 2, 1919), Biji lucun 秘籍录存 [A Compilation of Secret Documents], p. 145.

  175. 175.

    “Fajing lu zhuanshi dian 法京陆专使电” (May 8, 1919), Biji lucun 秘籍录存 [A Compilation of Secret Documents], pp. 200–202.

  176. 176.

    Yan Huiqing riji 颜惠庆日记 (vol. 1), p. 859. Even Treaty of St. Germain was not able to remove the clause on consular jurisdiction. Not until 1925 when China and Austria signed the commercial treaty was the consular jurisdiction abolished.

  177. 177.

    Biji lucun 秘籍录存 [A Compilation of Secret Documents], p. 112. Except for Qingdao and astronomical devices in the treaty with Germany, all other clauses are the same.

  178. 178.

    Lu Zhengxiang, “Canjia ouzhou heping dahui fenlei baogao 参与欧洲和平大会分类报告”, Foreign Affair archives 03-12-008-04-021, Part 8, Conditions against Austria, Also consult Qian Tai, Zhongguo bupingdeng tiaoyue zhi yuanqi jiqi jingguo 中国不平等条约之缘起及其废除之经过 [The Origin of the China’s Unequal Treaties and the Process of Their Abolition], p. 125.

  179. 179.

    “Fa fajing zhongguo shiguan dian 发法京中国使馆电” (November 28, 1918), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-067-01-001.

  180. 180.

    “Shou guowuyuan 8 ri laidian 收国务院8日来电” (January 12, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-006-01-001.

  181. 181.

    “Fa waijiaobu dian 发外交部电” (January 23, 1919发), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-010-05-001.

  182. 182.

    “Shou guowuyuan 31 ri dian 收国务院31日电” (February 1, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-006-02-001.

  183. 183.

    “Faguan 20 ri dian 法馆20日电” (December 29, 1918), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-067-02-001.

  184. 184.

    Yanhuiqing riji 颜惠庆日记 (vol. 1), p. 817.

  185. 185.

    “Fa waijiaobu dian 发外交部电” (February 3, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-011-01-001.

  186. 186.

    “Bali hehui zhongguo daibiaotuan diershiqici huiyilu 巴黎和会中国代表团《第27次会议录》” (8:00, February 26, 1919), Zhang Yizhi, ed., Shangdong wenti huikan bian (shang) 山东问题汇刊编(上), pp. 169–170.

  187. 187.

    Yan Huiqing riji 颜惠庆日记 (vol. 1), p. 830.

  188. 188.

    “Bali hehuo zhongguo daibiaotuan disanshisanci huiyi lu 巴黎和会中国代表团《第33次会议录》” (8:45 p.m., March 3, 1919), Zhang Yizhi, ed., Shangdong wenti huikan bian (shang) 山东问题汇刊编(上), pp. 173–174.

  189. 189.

    Yanhuiqing riji 颜惠庆日记 (vol. 1), pp. 833, 834.

  190. 190.

    “Bali hehui zhongguo daibiaotuan dsanshiqici huiyi lu 巴黎和会中国代表团《第37次会议录》” (8:45 p.m., March 6, 1919), Zhang Yizhi, ed., Shangdong wenti huikan bian (shang) 山东问题汇刊编(上), p. 176.

  191. 191.

    Yanhuiqing riji 颜惠庆日记 (vol. 1), p. 834.

  192. 192.

    “Shou waijiaobu 1 ri dian 收外交部1日电” (April 4, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-068-01-001. Author’s note: This telegram was related to the unified management of the railways. For details, see Sect. 4.

  193. 193.

    “Bali hehui zhongguo daibiaotun diliushiqi huiyi lu 巴黎和会中国代表团《第67会议录》” (afternoon of April 10, 1919), “Diqishiyi huiyi lu 第71会议录” (April 12, 1919), Zhang Yizhi, ed., Shandong wenti huibian kan (shang) 山东问题汇刊编(上), pp. 195–197.

  194. 194.

    Lu Zhengxiang, “Canyu ouzhou heping dahui fenlei baogao 参与欧洲和平大会分类报告”, Foreign Affair archives 03-12-008-04-021, Part 9, xiwang tiaojian 希望条件, page 1 up part.

  195. 195.

    “Shou waijiaobu 1 ri dian 收外交部1日电” (May 4, 1919), “Shou guowuyuan 4 ri dian 收国务院4日电” (May 6, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-068-03-001.

  196. 196.

    “Fa waijiaobu dian 发外交部电” (May 7, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-068-04-001.

  197. 197.

    “Faguan 20 ri dian 法馆20日电” (December 29, 1918), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-067-02-001.

  198. 198.

    “Bali hehui zhongguo daibiaotuan dierci huiyi lu 巴黎和会中国代表团《第2次会议录》” (3:00 p.m., January 22, 1919), Zhang Yizhi, ed., Shandong wenti huikanbian (shang) 山东问题汇刊编(上), pp. 142–143.

  199. 199.

    “Guotaiqi zhi lu zongzhang han 郭泰祺致陆总长函” (January 30, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-12-008-02-037.

  200. 200.

    “Bali wang daibiao 6 ri dian 巴黎王代表6日电》” (received on March 9, 1919), Beiyang junfa shiliao 北洋军阀史料, vol. on Wu Jinglian (3), pp. 297–298.

  201. 201.

    Ta Kung Pao 大公报 (March 10, 1919), p. 1.

  202. 202.

    Robert Pollard, zuijin zhongguo waijia guanxi 最近中国外交关系 [China’s Foreign Relations, 1917–1931], New York: Macmillan, 1933, trans. Cao Mingdao (zhengzhong shuju, 1935), p. 49页, (Australia) Lo Hui-min, ed., Qingmo minchu zhengqing neimu 清末民初政情内幕(下) [The Correspondences of G. E. Morrison, 1, 1895–1912 (B)], trans. Liu Guiliang et al. (Beijing: Zhishi chubanshe, 1986), pp. 790–815.

  203. 203.

    “Bali hehui zhongguo daibiaotuan disishijiu huiyi lu 巴黎和会中国代表团《第49会议录》” (8:45 p.m., March 18, 1919), Zhang Yizhi, ed., Shandong wenti huikan bian (shang) 山东问题汇刊编》(上), pp. 182–183.

  204. 204.

    The reports from the delegation to Beijing government contained no report at all on “the memo on the abolition of the agreement between China and Japan in 1915”. The issue was touched upon very briefly in the “Shandong Question.” See Lu Zhengxiang, “Canjia ouzhou heping dahui fenlei baogao 参与欧洲和平大会分类报告”, Foreign Affair archives 03-12-008-04-021. Guangzhou used the Twenty-one Demands to attack Beijing Government. This was true in Paris Peace Conference as well as in Washington Conference, 1921–1922. Consult Pollard, Robert, zuijin zhongguo waijia guanxi 最近中国外交关系 [China’s Foreign Relations, 1917–1931], New York: Macmillan, 1933, trans. Cao Mingdao (zhengzhong shuju, 1935), p. 48.

  205. 205.

    “Wangzhengting, wuchaoshu 16 ri (xi) dian” 王正廷、伍朝枢16日 (铣)电》 (April 20, 1919年4), Beiyang junfa shiliao 北洋军阀史料, vol. on Wujinglian 吴景濂卷 (3), pp. 322–323.

  206. 206.

    “Heping huiyi yizhang fu zhongguo quanquan weiyuanzhang han 平和会议议长复中国全权委员长函” (May 14, 1919), Biji lucun 秘籍录存 [A Compilation of Secret Documents], p. 199.

  207. 207.

    Guweijun huiyilu 顾维钧回忆录 (book 1), p. 172.

  208. 208.

    “Fa beijing waijiaobu dian 发北京外交部电” (January 13, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-010-05-001.

  209. 209.

    “Shoi fajing lu zongzhang 14 ri dian 收法京陆总长14日电” (February 19, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-071-04-001.

  210. 210.

    “Fa zhudan yan xi dai gongshi 14 ri dian 发驻丹颜西戴公使14日电” (January 14, 1919), “Fa meiguan guo fu chu dian 发美馆郭复初电” (January 14, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-010-05-001.

  211. 211.

    Morrison Diary, February 27, 1919. Quoted from Stephen Craft, Wellington Koo’s Diplomacy, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Illinois, 1997, p. 125.

  212. 212.

    Guweijun huiyilu 顾维钧回忆录 (book 1), pp. 173–174.

  213. 213.

    “Fa waijiaobu dian 发外交部电” (January 17, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-010-05-001.

  214. 214.

    “Fa waijiaobu 18 ri dian 发外交部18日电” (January 19, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-010-05-001.

  215. 215.

    “Fa waijiaobu 19 ri dian 发外交部19日电” (January 19, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-010-05-001, “Shou waijiaobu 21 ri dian 收外交部21日电” (January 23, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 63-13-006-01-001. At the time, President Xu Shichang appointed Liang Qichao to lead an inspection tour of Europe. Rumor was strong that he would replace Lu Zhengxiang. For details, see Sect. 4.

  216. 216.

    Ye Jingxin, “bali hehui qijian woguo juqian heyue yundong de jianwen 巴黎和会期间我国拒签和约运动的见闻 [The Notes on China’s Initiative to Refuse to Sign the Agreement at Paris Peace Conference]”, wenshi ziliao jingxuan no. 3 (Beijing: zhongguo wenshi chubanshe, 1990), p. 551.

  217. 217.

    “Shou guowuyuan 20 ri laidian 收国务院20日来电” (January 21, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-006-01-001.

  218. 218.

    Guweijun huiyilu 顾维钧回忆录 (book 1), pp. 175, 176.

  219. 219.

    “Wangzhenting yi liexi hehui zhi haiwen 王正廷已列席和会之骇闻, 晨报” [The Morning News] (January 22, 1919), p. 2. The morning news and the diplomatic committee were closely related with Yanjiu Clique.

  220. 220.

    “Fa waijiaobu dian 发外交部电” (January 24, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-010-05-001.

  221. 221.

    “Fa waijiaobu dian 发外交部电” (February 27, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-011-01-001.

  222. 222.

    Guweijun huiyilu 顾维钧回忆录 (book 1), pp. 180–181.

  223. 223.

    Yanhuiqing riji 颜惠庆日记 (vol. 1), pp. 813, 815. Yan was in Paris from January 29 to March 10, 1919.

  224. 224.

    Ibid., p. 817.

  225. 225.

    Ibid., p. 825.

  226. 226.

    “Fa waijiaobu dian 发外交部电” (February 1, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-067-03-001.

  227. 227.

    “Shou fajing lu zongzhang 9 ri dian 收法京陆总长9日电” (February 12, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-071-04-001, “法京陆专使电” (February 9, 1919), Biji lucun 秘籍录存 [A Compilation of Secret Documents], pp. 78–79.

  228. 228.

    “Guowuyuan zhi lu zhuanshi dian 国务院致陆专使电” (February 13, 1919), Biji lucun 秘籍录存 [A Compilation of Secret Documents], p. 79.

  229. 229.

    “Shou fajing lu zongzhang 14 ri dian 收法京陆总长14日电” (February 19, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-071-04-001.

  230. 230.

    Yanhuiqing riji 颜惠庆日记 (vol. 1), pp. 823–825.

  231. 231.

    “Bali hehui zhongguo daibiantuan dishijiuci huiyi lu 巴黎和会中国代表团《第19次会议录》” (February 17, 1919), Zhang Yizhi, ed., Shandong wenti huikan bian (shang) 山东问题汇刊编(上), p. 165.

  232. 232.

    “Fa luoma shiguan dian 发罗马使馆电” (February 18, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-011-01-001.

  233. 233.

    Yanhuiqing riji 颜惠庆日记 (vol. 1), p. 825.

  234. 234.

    “Bali hehui zhongguo daibiaotuan diershiyici huiyilu 巴黎和会中国代表团《第21次会议录》” (February 20, 1919), Zhang Yizhi, ed., Shandong wenti huikan bian 张一志编《山东问题汇刊编》(上), p. 166.

  235. 235.

    Yanhuiqing riji 颜惠庆日记 (vol. 1), pp. 826–827.

  236. 236.

    “Bali hehui zhongguo daibiaotuan diershierci huiyi lu 巴黎和会中国代表团《第22次会议录》” (February 21, 1919), Zhang Yizhi, ed., Shandong wenti huikan bian 张一志编《山东问题汇刊编》(上), pp. 166–167.

  237. 237.

    “Shou guowuyuan 21 ri dian 收国务院21日电” (February 23, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 《外交档案》 03-13-006-02-001.

  238. 238.

    “Guowuyuan zhi shi zhuanshi dian 国务总理致施专使电”, “Guowu zongli zhi gu zhuansho dian 国务总理致顾专使电” (February 21, 1919), Biji lucun 秘籍录存 [A Compilation of Secret Documents], pp. 79–80.

  239. 239.

    Yanhuiqing riji 颜惠庆日记 (vol. 1), pp. 827–829.

  240. 240.

    Yanhuiqing riji 颜惠庆日记 (vol. 1), pp. 829, 830.

  241. 241.

    “Fa waijiaobu dian 发外交部电” (February 27, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-011-01-001.

  242. 242.

    “Shou guowuyuan 4 ri dian 收国务院4日电” (March 7, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-006-03-001.

  243. 243.

    Yanhuiqing riji 颜惠庆日记 (vol. 1), pp. 831–833.

  244. 244.

    “Bali hehui zhongguo daibiaotuan disanshiqici huiyi lu 巴黎和会中国代表团《第37次会议录》” (8:45 p.m., March 6, 1919), Zhang Yizhi, ed., Shandong wenti huikan bian (shang) 山东问题汇刊编》(上), pp. 176–177.

  245. 245.

    Yanhuiqing riji 颜惠庆日记 (vol. 1), p. 834. While a minister to Holland in the late Qing period, Lu Zhengxiang spent winter in Switzerland every year, where he rested himself for a month. Therefore, he bought a house at Locano near the lake of Maggiore in the country. He named the house after his mother-in-law as Villa Ida. Consult Luo Guang, Lu Zhengxiang zhuan 陆征祥传 [The Biography of Lu Zhengxiang] (Taibei: Taiwan shangwu yinshuguan, 1967), pp. 63–67.

  246. 246.

    Guweijun huiyilu 顾维钧回忆录 (book 1), pp. 190–191.

  247. 247.

    “Fa waijiaobu dian 发外交部电” (March 8, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-011-02-001.

  248. 248.

    “Fajing wang zhuanshi deng dian 法京王专使等电” (March 10, 1919), Biji lucun 秘籍录存 [A Compilation of Secret Documents], p. 114.

  249. 249.

    Yanhuiqing riji 颜惠庆日记 (vol. 1), p. 835.

  250. 250.

    “Shou waijiaobu 10 ri dian 收外交部10日电” (March 12, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-006-03-001.

  251. 251.

    “Tangzaili baogao ou yi jinqing yaodian 唐在礼报告欧议近情要电”, Ta Kung Pao 大公报 (March 15, 1919), p. 1.

  252. 252.

    “Shou guowuyuan 11 ri dian 收国务院11日电” (March 13, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-006-03-001.

  253. 253.

    “Zhi yan canshi zhen dian 致严参事真电” (March 11, 1919年), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-067-03-001.

  254. 254.

    “Fajing hu gongshi zhi guowu zongli dian 法京胡公使致国务总理电” (March 13, 1919), Biji lucun 秘籍录存 [A Compilation of Secret Documents], pp. 114–115.

  255. 255.

    “Shou wei gongshi ruishi laidian 收魏公使瑞士来电” (March 14, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-006-03-001.

  256. 256.

    “Shou wei zhuanshi ruishi 13 ri laidian 收魏专使瑞士13日来电” (March 17, 1919), “Shou fajing zhu mishu 28 ri dian 收法京朱秘书28日电” (March 31, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-071-05-001. The courtesy name of Wei Chenzu was Zhudong.

  257. 257.

    “Shou lu zongzhang ruishi lai yuan dian 收陆总长瑞士来元电” (March 14, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-006-03-001.

  258. 258.

    “Fa lu zongzhang 14 ri dian 发陆总长14日电” (March 14, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-011-02-001.

  259. 259.

    “Shou waibu zhuan guowuyuan 16 ri laidian 收外部转国务院16日来电” (March 24, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-006-03-001.

  260. 260.

    “Zhi ruishi lu zongzhang 17 ri dian 致瑞士陆总长17日电” (March 17, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-011-02-001.

  261. 261.

    “Shou waijiaobu 24 ri dian 收外交部24日电” (March 29, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-006-03-001.

  262. 262.

    “Shou zhurui wang gongshi 21 ri dian 收驻瑞汪公使21日电” (March 23, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-006-03-001.

  263. 263.

    The telegram sent to secretary Zhu Songhan to Beijing said: Lu returned to France on the 22nd. See “Shou fajing zhu mishi 28 ri dian 收法京朱秘书28日电” (March 31, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-071-05-001. Yanhuiqing riji 颜惠庆日记 recorded on March 23: Wang’s telegram from Bern said that Lu had left for Paris; on the 24th, it recorded: Hu also sent a telegram saying that Lu was in Paris. See Yanhuiqing riji 颜惠庆日记 (vol. 1), p. 840.

  264. 264.

    “Fa danguan dian 发丹馆电” (March 26, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-011-02-001.

  265. 265.

    Yanhuiqing riji 颜惠庆日记 (vol. 1), p. 844.

  266. 266.

    “Shou fajing zhu mishu 28 ri dian 收法京朱秘书28日电” (March 31, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-071-05-001.

  267. 267.

    “Shou guowuyuan 28 ri laidian 收国务院28日来电” (April 1, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-068-01-001.

  268. 268.

    “Shou guowuyuan 28 ri dian 收国务院28日电” (April 1, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-068-01-001.

  269. 269.

    “Shou waijiaobu 30 ri dian 收外交部30日电” (April 2, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-068-01-001.

  270. 270.

    “Shou qian zongli laidian 收钱总理来电” (April 3, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-068-01-001.

  271. 271.

    “Fajing lu zhuanshi 7 ri dian 法京陆专使7日电” (April 7, 1919), Biji lucun 秘籍录存 [A Compilation of Secret Documents], p. 117.

  272. 272.

    Guweijun huiyilu 顾维钧回忆录 (book 1), p. 192.

  273. 273.

    “Wuchaoshu reng zheng pai shi 伍朝枢仍争派使”, 晨报 [The Morning News] (December 23, 1918), p. 2, “Beijin teyue tongxin---wuchaoshu huanqi fu ou 北京特约通信——伍朝枢缓期赴欧”, Ta Kung Pao 大公报 (January 1, 1919), p. 1, “wei wuchaoshu jun shi yao 为伍朝枢君释谣, zhonghua shibao 中华新报” (January 8, 1919), Li Jialin, Guo Honglin and Zheng Hua, ed., Beiyang junfa shiliao 北洋军阀史料 [The Historical Sources on Beiyang Warlords], vol. 3 on Wu Jinglian (Tianjin: Tianjin guji chubanshe, 1996), p. 273页.

  274. 274.

    “Jun zhengfu gongbao 军政府公报” (修字第43号 xiuzi di 43 hao) (January 29, 1919), Cai Hongyuan, Sun Biyou and Zhou Guangpei, ed., nanfang zhengu gongbao 南方政府公报第1辑 [The Gazettes of the South Government] (Shi Jiazhuang: Hebei rensmin chubanshe, 1987), vol. 1.

  275. 275.

    “Jun zhengfu gongbao 军政府公报” (xiuzi di 11o hao 修字第110号) (September 27, 1919, Gongwen 公文) (18th), Cai Hongyuan, Sun Biyou and Zhou Guangpei, ed., nanfang zhengu gongbao 南方政府公报第1辑 [The Gazettes of the South Government] (Shi Jiazhuang: Hebei rensmin chubanshe, 1987), vol. 1.

  276. 276.

    “Fajing lu zhuanshi dengdian 法京陆专使等电” (March 3, 1919), Biji lucun 秘籍录存 [A Compilation of Secret Documents], 第115–116页.

  277. 277.

    “Shou guowuyuan 9 ri dian 收国务院9日电” (March 12, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-006-03-001.

  278. 278.

    “Tangbaochao mibao guanyu luzhengzing yin geguo nanyu yingfu ju wang ruishi huishi duoyou wangzhengting zhuchi kong nanfang hou li wang yousuo huodong zhi lujunbu deng dian 唐宝潮密报关于陆征祥因各国难于应付遽往瑞士会事多由王正廷主持恐南方或利王地位有所活动致陆军部等电” (March 13, 1919), The Second Historical Archives of China 中国第二历史档案馆, ed. Zhonghua minguoshi dang’an ziliao huibian [A Collection of Sources on the History of Republic China], vol. 3 Diplomacy (Nanjing: Jiansu renmin chubanshe, 1979) 《中华民国史档案资料汇编》第3辑外交, p. 404.

  279. 279.

    “Shou fajing lu zongzhang 26 ri dian 收法京陆总长26日电” (March 29, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-071-05-001.

  280. 280.

    “Wangzhengting jiu wuchaoshu liexi bali hehui shi zhi chufucheng deng dian 王正廷就伍朝枢列席巴黎和会事致褚辅成等电》” (sent on March 27, received on the 31, 1919), 北洋军阀史料 [The Historical Sources on Beiyang Warlords], vol. 3 on Wu Jinglian 《北洋军阀史料》吴景濂卷 (3), pp. 294–296.

  281. 281.

    Fulu “wuchaoshu yu fuyuan mishuzhang dian” 附录 “伍朝枢与府院秘书长电” (March 22, 1919年), Biji lucun 秘籍录存 [A Compilation of Secret Documents], pp. 116–117.

  282. 282.

    “收国务院31日电” (April 2, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 《外交档案》 03-13-068-01-001.

  283. 283.

    Fulu “fuyuan wu guo mishu zhang fu wuchaoshu dian 附录 “府院吴郭秘书长复伍朝枢电” (April 5, 1919), Biji lucu n秘籍录存 [A Compilation of Secret Documents], p. 117.

  284. 284.

    “Fu ou yihe quanquan teshi wuchaoshu chengbao you fa huiyue chenshu heyi qingxing bing fu zhengjian qing chahe wen 赴欧议和全权特使伍朝枢呈报由法回粤陈述和议情形并附政见请察核文”, “Junzhengfu gongbao 军政府公报” xiuzi de 108 hao 修字第108号 (September 20, 1919), “gongwen 公文” (September 9), Cai Hongyuan, Sun Biyou, and Zhou Guangpei, ed., nanfang zhengu gongbao 南方政府公报 [The Gazettes of the South Government] (Shi Jiazhuang: Hebei rensmin chubanshe, 1987), vol. 1, pp. 17–19.

  285. 285.

    Consult Zhang Pengyuan, “anfu guohui xuanju—lun fuhua wei minzhu zhengzhi de banjiaoshi 安福国会选举——论腐化为民主政治的绊脚石 [The Election of Anfu Congress—A Treatise on the Corruption as a Stumbling Block for Democratic Politics]”, zhongyang yanjiuyuan jindashi yanjiusuo jikan 30 (December 1998).

  286. 286.

    For pioneering study on the relationship between Yanjiu Clique and Paris Peace Conference, consult Ying Junhao 公共舆论与北洋外交 [Public Opinion and Beiyang Diploma], Chapter Two.

  287. 287.

    Consult Ouyang Junxi, “Lin changmin yu wusi yundong—jianlun wusi yundong de qiyuan 林长民与五四运动——兼论五四运动的起源 [Lin Changmin and May Fourth Movement—With Additional Discussion on the Origin of May Fourth Movement]”, Fudan xuebao (shehui kexue edition), 6 (2003). This article gives a very good study of the case of the unified management of the railways. This author discusses it with the supplementary sources from the Foreign Affair archives.

  288. 288.

    Ye Jingxin, “bali hehui qijian woguo juqian heyue yundong de jianwen 巴黎和会期间我国拒签和约运动的见闻 [The Notes on China’s Initiative to Refuse to Sign the Agreement at Paris Peace Conference]”, wenshi ziliao jingxuan no. 3 (Beijing: zhongguo wenshi chubanshe, 1990), p. 145. “Zhengfu jiang she waijiao diaocha huishuo 政府将设外交调查会说”, 晨报 [The Morning News] (December 1, 1918), p. 3, “She waijiao diaocha huishuo zhi youlai 设外交调查会说之由来”, 晨报 [The Morning New] (December 2, 1918), p. 2.

  289. 289.

    Ye Jingxin, “bali hehui qijian woguo juqian heyue yundong de jianwen 巴黎和会期间我国拒签和约运动的见闻 [The Notes on China’s Initiative to Refuse to Sign the Agreement at Paris Peace Conference]”, wenshi ziliao jingxuan no. 3 (Beijing: zhongguo wenshi chubanshe, 1990), p. 144. “Zuori waijiao weiyuanhui kaihui xiangqing 昨日外交委员会开会详情”, 晨报 [The Morning News] (December 19, 1918), p. 2.

  290. 290.

    Liang Jingchun, “lin changmin xiansheng zhuan 林长民先生传 [A Biography of Mr. Lin Changmin]”, zhuanji wenxue 2, vol. 7 (August 1965), p. 5, “Tongyi tielu chengwen 统一铁路呈文”, see 东方杂志 [The Eastern Miscellany], vol. 16, no. 4 (April 1919), p. 208.

  291. 291.

    His Students from Fenggang, ed., Minguo liang yansun xiansheng shiyi nianpu 民国梁燕孙先生士诒年谱 [The Chronicle of Master Liang Shiyi] (Taibei: Taiwan shangwu yinshuguan, 1978), p. 491.

  292. 292.

    叶景莘: 《巴黎和会期间我国拒签和约运动的见闻》, 《文史资料选辑》第3辑, pp. 145–146.

  293. 293.

    “Shou guowuyuan 8 ri laidian 收国务院8日来电” (January 12, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-006-01-001.

  294. 294.

    “(dailun) tongyi tielu wenti---jielu lichangmin jun zhi yanshuo (代论)统一铁路问题——节录林长民君之演说”, 晨报 [The Morning News] (February 28, 1919), p. 2.

  295. 295.

    曹汝霖一生之回忆 [A Lifetime Recollection of Cao Rulin], p. 161.

  296. 296.

    His Students from Fenggang, ed., Minguo liang yansun xiansheng shiyi nianpu 民国梁燕孙先生士诒年谱 [The Chronicle of Master Liang Shiyi] (Taibei: Taiwan shangwu yinshuguan, 1978), pp. 498, 492, 495–514.

  297. 297.

    “daka zhuyi zhi tielu tongyi an 大可注意之铁路统一案”, 晨报 [The Morning News] (February 18, 1919), p. 2.

  298. 298.

    “(dailun) tongyi tielu wenti---jielu lichangmin jun zhi yanshuo (代论)统一铁路问题——节录林长民君之演说”, 晨报 [The Morning News] (February 19, 1919), p. 2, “(Fanyao xinwen) quanguo tielu tongyi wenti zaiji (繁要新闻)全国铁路统一问题再纪”, 晨报 [The Morning News] (February 19, 1919), p. 2, His Students from Fenggang, ed., Minguo liang yansun xiansheng shiyi nianpu 民国梁燕孙先生士诒年谱 [The Chronicle of Master Liang Shiyi] (Taibei: Taiwan shangwu yinshuguan, 1978), p. 492. 时报 [Eastern Times] (February 22, 1919). “(fanyao xinwen)meishi guanyu tielu wenti zhi tanhua (繁要新闻)美使关于铁路问题之谈话”, 晨报 [The Morning News] (March 9, 1919), p. 2.

  299. 299.

    His Students from Fenggang, ed., Minguo liang yansun xiansheng shiyi nianpu 民国梁燕孙先生士诒年谱 [The Chronicle of Master Liang Shiyi] (Taibei: Taiwan shangwu yinshuguan, 1978), pp. 494–495.

  300. 300.

    For details, consult “(fanyao xinwen) tielu tongyi wenti zhi zhenxiang---wajiao weiyuanhui zaishang dazongtong chen (繁要新闻)铁路统一问题之真相——外交委员会再上大总统呈”, 晨报 [The Morning News] (February 27, 1919), p. 2.

  301. 301.

    “Guanyu tielu tongyi an zhi yaodian---lu zhuanshi fu liangyansun 关于铁路统一案之要电——陆专使覆梁燕孙”, 晨报 [The Morning News] (March 7, 1919), p. 2.

  302. 302.

    “Bali hehui zhongguo daibiaotuan disanshisici huiyi lu 巴黎和会中国代表团《第34次会议录》” (8:00 p.m., March 3, 1919), Zhang Zhiyi, ed., Shandong wenti huikan bian (shang) 山东问题汇刊编》(上), p. 175.

  303. 303.

    “Fa bali liangren gong dian 发巴黎梁任公电” (March 3, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-071-05-001.

  304. 304.

    “(Fanyao xinwen) tielu tongyi wenti zhi xianzhuang (繁要新闻)铁路统一问题之现状》”, 晨报 [The Morning News] (March 8, 1919), p. 2, “(Fanyao xinwen) caocao shouchang zhi tielu tongyi an---chunouzhai huiyi zhi xiangqing (繁要新闻)草草收场之铁路统一案——春耦斋会议之详情”, 晨报 [The Morning News] (March 10, 1919), p. 2.

  305. 305.

    “Shou waijiao weiyuanhui 7 ri laidian 收外交委员会7日来电” (March 12, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-006-03-001. The courtesy name of Wang Daxie was Botang.

  306. 306.

    “(Fanyao xinwen) wang weiyuanzhang tichu cichen (繁要新闻)汪委员长提出辞呈”, 晨报 [The Morning News] (March 10, 1919), p. 2.

  307. 307.

    “Shou guowuyuan 10 ri dian 收国务院10日电” (March 12, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-006-03-001.

  308. 308.

    “Bali hehui zhongguo daibiantuan diliushiyici uiyilu 巴黎和会中国代表团《第61次会议录》” (12:00, April 5, 1919), “diliushisanci huiyi lu 第63次会议录” (afternoon of April 7), “Diliushiqici huiyi lu 第67次会议录” (Afternoon of April 10, 1919), Zhang Yizhi, ed., Shandong wenti huikan bian(shang) 山东问题汇刊编》(上), pp. 192, 193, 195页.

  309. 309.

    “Fa waijiaobu dian 发外交部电” (April 3, 1919, kept in confidence), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-068-02-001.

  310. 310.

    “Shou tielu xiehui liangshiyi laidian 收铁路协会梁士诒17日来电” (April 20, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-068-01-001.

  311. 311.

    “Shou fajing lu zongzhang 25 ri dian 收法京陆总长25日电” (May 1, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-071-06-001.

  312. 312.

    “Shou guowuyuan waijiaobu jiaotongbu 10 ri dian 收国务院外交部交通部10日电” (May 14, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-068-03-001. “Shou guowuyuan jiaotongbu 22 ri dian 收国务院交通部22日电” (May 27, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-068-03-001.

  313. 313.

    “yaolun wei qingqiu liexi heping huiyi jinggao woyoubang (要论)为请求列席平和会议敬告我友邦”, Ta Kung Pao 大公报 (November 15–17, 1918), p. 1.

  314. 314.

    “Ouzhan yihe zhi ganxiang---liangrengong yu benbao jizhe zhi tanhua 欧战议和之感想——梁任公与本报记者之谈话”, Ta Kung Pao 大公报 (November 15, 1918), p. 1.

  315. 315.

    Ye Jingxin, “bali hehui qijian woguo juqian heyue yundong de jianwen 巴黎和会期间我国拒签和约运动的见闻 [The Notes on China’s Initiative to Refuse to Sign the Agreement at Paris Peace Conference]”, wenshi ziliao jingxuan, no. 3 (Beijing: zhongguo wenshi chubanshe, 1990), p. 145.

  316. 316.

    Ding Wenjiang, ed., Liang rengong xiansheng nianpu, changpian chugao 梁任公先生年谱长编初稿 [Draft of a Long Edition of the Chronicle of Liang Qichao] (Taibei: Shijie shuju, 1959), pp. 551–552.

  317. 317.

    “Shou Beijing waijiaobu 16 ri dian 收北京外交部16日电” (December 29, 1918), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-067-02-001.

  318. 318.

    “Fa fajing lu zongzhang dian 发法京陆总长电” (February 13, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-071-04-001.

  319. 319.

    (France) Marianne Bastid-Bruguière, “liang qichao 1919 nian de lüju faguo yu wannian shehui wenhua sixiang shang dui ouzhou de biandi 梁启超 1919 年的旅居法国与晚年社会文化思想上对欧洲的贬低 [Le séjour en France de Liang Qichao en 1919 et le discrédit de l’Europe dans sa réflexion sur la société et la culture à la fin de sa vie]”, liang qichao yu jindai zhongguo shehuo wenhua 梁启超与近代中国社会文化 [Liang Qichao and the Society and Culture of Modern China] (Tianjin: Tianjin guji chubanshe, 2005), pp. 220–221. This article utilized the archives in France and gave a very good study of Liang Qichao’s activities in France.

  320. 320.

    “Guonei zhuandian 国内专电, 时报” [Eastern Times] (December 24, 1918), p. 1.

  321. 321.

    Ding Wenjiang, ed., Liang rengong xiansheng nianpu, changpian chugao 梁任公先生年谱长编初稿 [Draft of a Long Edition of the Chronicle of Liang Qichao] (Taibei: Shijie shuju, 1959), pp. 552–553.

  322. 322.

    Ding Wenjiang, ed., Liang rengong xiansheng nianpu, changpian chugao 梁任公先生年谱长编初稿 [Draft of a Long Edition of the Chronicle of Liang Qichao] (Taibei: Shijie shuju, 1959), p. 554, (France) Marianne Bastid-Bruguière, “liang qichao 1919 nian de lüju faguo yu wannian shehui wenhua sixiang shang dui ouzhou de biandi 梁启超 1919 年的旅居法国与晚年社会文化思想上对欧洲的贬低 [Le séjour en France de Liang Qichao en 1919 et le discrédit de l’Europe dans sa réflexion sur la société et la culture à la fin de sa vie]”, liang qichao yu jindai zhongguo shehuo wenhua 梁启超与近代中国社会文化 [Liang Qichao and the Society and Culture of Modern China] (Tianjin: Tianjin guji chubanshe, 2005).

  323. 323.

    “Shou guowuyuan 8 ri laidian 收国务院8日来电” (January 12, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-006-01-001.

  324. 324.

    “Shou waijiaobu 21 ri dian” (January 23, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-006-01-001.

  325. 325.

    “Shou waijiaobu 27 ri dian 收外交部27日电” (January 28, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-006-01-001.

  326. 326.

    “Shou waijiaobu dian 发外交部电” (January 28, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-010-05-001.

  327. 327.

    “Fa waijiaobu dian 发外交部电” (February 3, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-011-01-001. See also Marianne Bastid-Bruguière, “liang qichao 1919 nian de lüju faguo yu wannian shehui wenhua sixiang shang dui ouzhou de biandi 梁启超1919年的旅居法国与晚年社会文化思想上对欧洲的贬低 [Le séjour en France de Liang Qichao en 1919 et le discrédit de l’Europe dans sa réflexion sur la société et la culture à la fin de sa vie], pp. 221–222.

  328. 328.

    For example, Yanhuiqing riji 颜惠庆日记 recorded on February 17: Gu held that Liang was there to replace Lu (vol. 1, p. 825).

  329. 329.

    “Shou waijiaobu 17 ri dian 收外交部17日电” (February 19, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-006-02-001.

  330. 330.

    Marianne Bastid-Bruguière, “liang qichao 1919 nian de lüju faguo yu wannian shehui wenhua sixiang shang dui ouzhou de biandi 梁启超1919年的旅居法国与晚年社会文化思想上对欧洲的贬低” [Le séjour en France de Liang Qichao en 1919 et le discrédit de l’Europe dans sa réflexion sur la société et la culture à la fin de sa vie], pp. 222–223.

  331. 331.

    Yanhuiqing riji 颜惠庆日记, vol. 1, pp. 827, 831页.

  332. 332.

    “shou fajing liang qian zongzhang (qichao) dian 收法京梁前总长 (启超)电》” (received on February 26, 1919), Lin Mingde, ed., 中日关系史料——巴黎和会与山东问题(中华民国七年至八年 [Sino-Japan Relation Historical Sources—Paris Peace Conference and Shandong Issue (the 7th and 8th year of the Republican era)], p. 52.

  333. 333.

    “89 shou fajing liang rengong xiansheng dian 收法京梁任公先生电” (received on March 11, 1919) [Sources—Paris Peace Conference and Shandong Issue (the 7th and 8th Year of the Republican era)], pp. 63–64.

  334. 334.

    “Beijing teyue tongxin---bali shiguan ji liangrengong dian 北京特约通信——巴黎使馆及梁任公电》”, Ta Kung Pao 大公报 (March 31, 1919), p. 1. Marianne Bastid-Bruguière, “liang qichao 1919 nian de lüju faguo yu wannian shehui wenhua sixiang shang dui ouzhou de biandi 梁启超1919年的旅居法国与晚年社会文化思想上对欧洲的贬低 [Le séjour en France de Liang Qichao en 1919 et le discrédit de l’Europe dans sa réflexion sur la société et la culture à la fin de sa vie], pp. 222–224.

  335. 335.

    “Shou waibu zhuan guowuyuan 16 ri laidian 收外部转国务院16来电” (March 24, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-006-03-001.

  336. 336.

    “Wangzhengting zhuanshi zhi shanghai baojie dian 王正廷专使致上海报界电”, Wu Tianren, ed., Minguo liangregong xiansheng qichao nianpu 民国梁任公先生启超年谱 (Taibei: Taiwan shangwu yinshuguan, 1988), vol. 3, pp. 1406–1407, Ying Junhao, Gongzong yulun yu beiyang waijiao 公众舆论与北洋外交, pp. 127–128.

  337. 337.

    “Yizai maiguozei zhi haiwen 异哉卖国之骇文”, 晨报 [The Morning News] (March 23, 1919), p. 2.

  338. 338.

    “Fa lu zongzhang dian---baozai shi发陆总长电——报载事” (March 22, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-37-008-01-016.

  339. 339.

    “wang zhengting jiu wuchaoshu liexi bali hehui shi zhi chufucheng deng dian 王正廷就伍朝枢列席巴黎和会事致褚辅成等电” (sent on March 27, 1919 and received on the 31st), Beiyang junfa shilian 北洋军阀史料 (vol. on Wujinglian) (3), pp. 294–296 someone in the text seems to refer to Liang Qichao.

  340. 340.

    “Liangrengong yu wogul jianghe wenti 梁任公与我国讲和问题”, 晨报 [The Morning News] (April 6, 1919), p. 2, “Gefangmian wei liangrengong bianwu 各方面为梁任公辩诬》”, 晨报 [The Morning News] (April 7, 1919), p. 2.

  341. 341.

    “Fawaijiaobu dian 发外交部电” (April 11, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-068-02-001. Zhu Qiling was the general representative for the north in the south and north peace negotiation in Shanghai.

  342. 342.

    “Liangrengong zuijin zhi laidian 梁任公最近之来电”, Ta Kung Pao 大公报 (April 20, 1919), p. 1.

  343. 343.

    Ta Kung Pao 大公报 (April 20, 1919).

  344. 344.

    “Fahan neiwubu---yaochuan liangrengong gejie qingchi ting zhuanzhi gebao xuanbu you 发函内务部——谣传梁任公各节请饬厅转知各报宣布由”, “Big fa shanghai zhu zongdaibiao tepaiyuan han 并发上海朱总代表特派员函”, Foreign Affair archives 03-37-008-02-009-010.

  345. 345.

    “Shou waijiao cizhang 17 ri laidian 收外交次长17日来电” (April 20, 1919), Foreign Affair archives 03-13-067-03-001. The courtesy name of Liu Chongjie was Zikai.

  346. 346.

    “Yu zhongdi shu 与仲弟书” (June 9, 1919), Ding Wenjiang, ed., Liangrengong xiansheng nianpu changpian chuga o 梁任公先生年谱长编初稿, p. 560. Marianne Bastid-Bruguière held that there were other sources ofrumour attacking Liang Qichao. See Marianne Bastid-Bruguière, 梁启超1919年的旅居法国与晚年社会文化思想上对欧洲的贬低 [Le séjour en France de Liang Qichao en 1919 et le discrédit de l’Europe dans sa réflexion sur la société et la culture à la fin de sa vie], pp. 224–225.

  347. 347.

    Marianne Bastid-Bruguière, 梁启超1919年的旅居法国与晚年社会文化思想上对欧洲的贬低 [Le séjour en France de Liang Qichao en 1919 et le discrédit de l’Europe dans sa réflexion sur la société et la culture à la fin de sa vie], pp. 227–228.

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    Qi-hua Tang

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Tang, Qh. (2020). The Diplomacy During the Peace Conference. In: Chinese Diplomacy and the Paris Peace Conference. China Connections. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5636-4_4

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