Abstract
Age-related diseases occur frequently in the older population which signifies age as a major risk factor for old age disorders. Aging itself is not a disease but there are certain manifestations associated with aging that contribute to age-related diseases. There are many underlying causes that exacerbate age-related disorders, they include, inflammation, exposure to environmental pollutants, radiation, lifestyle, and dietary conditions. These factors tend to affect different people at a different rate and the disease progression depends on cellular aging and molecular pathways. Some of the prominent diseases associated with aging are cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and metabolic in nature. Currently, many research models are proposed to determine the effect of aging on human body and how the rate of aging can be reduced by changes in lifestyle, specially controlling the social and mental stressors that catalyse aging by causing early cognitive impairment.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ahuja N, Issa JPJ (2000) Aging, methylation and cancer. Histol Histopathol 15(3):835–842
Alexopoulos GS (2005) Depression in the elderly. Lancet 365(9475):1961–1970
Aravinthan AD, Alexander GJ (2016) Senescence in chronic liver disease: is the future in aging? J Hepatol 65(4):825–834
Aubert G, Lansdorp PM (2008) Telomeres and aging. Physiol Rev 88(2):557–579
Balatsouras D, Koukoutsis G, Fassolis A, Moukos A, Apris A (2018) Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in the elderly: current insights. Clin Interv Aging 13:2251
Barnes PJ (2014) Cellular and molecular mechanisms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Chest Med 35(1):71–86
Barnes PJ (2016) Inflammatory mechanisms in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 138(1):16–27
Bishop NA, Lu T, Yankner BA (2010) Neural mechanisms of ageing and cognitive decline. Nature 464(7288):529
Ble A, Cherubini A, Volpato S, Bartali B, Walston JD, Windham BG et al (2006) Lower plasma vitamin E levels are associated with the frailty syndrome: the InCHIANTI study. J Gerontol Ser A Biol Med Sci 61(3):278–283
Calabrese V, Scapagnini G, Stella AG, Bates TE, Clark JB (2001) Mitochondrial involvement in brain function and dysfunction: relevance to aging, neurodegenerative disorders and longevity. Neurochem Res 26(6):739–764
Cavazzana A, Röhrborn A, Garthus-Niegel S, Larsson M, Hummel T, Croy I (2018) Sensory-specific impairment among older people. An investigation using both sensory thresholds and subjective measures across the five senses. PLoS One 13(8):e0202969
Chen X, Mao G, Leng SX (2014) Frailty syndrome: an overview. Clin Interv Aging 9:433
Costa IC, Carvalho HN, Fernandes L (2013) Aging, circadian rhythms and depressive disorders: a review. Am J Neurodegener Dis 2(4):228
Crimmins E (2018) Trends in mortality, disease, and physiological status in the older population. In: Future directions for the demography of aging: proceedings of a workshop. National Academies Press, Washington
Davidson MB (1979) The effect of aging on carbohydrate metabolism: a review of the English literature and a practical approach to the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in the elderly. Metabolism 28(6):688–705
Deary IJ, Corley J, Gow AJ, Harris SE, Houlihan LM, Marioni RE et al (2009) Age-associated cognitive decline. Br Med Bull 92(1):135–152
DeGroot J, Verzijl N, Wenting-Van Wijk MJ, Jacobs KM, Van El B, Van Roermund PM et al (2004) Accumulation of advanced glycation end products as a molecular mechanism for aging as a risk factor in osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 50(4):1207–1215
Ergen AV, Goodell MA (2010) Mechanisms of hematopoietic stem cell aging. Exp Gerontol 45(4):286–290
Faner R, Rojas M, MacNee W, Agusti A (2012) Abnormal lung aging in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 186(4):306–313
Farrall AJ, Wardlaw JM (2009) Blood–brain barrier: ageing and microvascular disease–systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurobiol Aging 30(3):337–352
Fine SL, Berger JW, Maguire MG, Ho AC (2000) Age-related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med 342(7):483–492
Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, Seeman T, Tracy R, Kop WJ, Burke G (2001) Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol Ser A Biol Med Sci 56(3):M146–M157
Gan WQ, Man S, Senthilselvan A, Sin D (2004) Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and systemic inflammation: a systematic review and a meta-analysis. Thorax 59(7):574–580
Gemma C, Vila J, Bachstetter A, Bickford PC (2007) Chap. 15. Oxidative stress and the aging brain: from theory to prevention. In: Brain aging: models, methods, and mechanisms. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton
Gladyshev VN (2016) Aging: progressive decline in fitness due to the rising deleteriome adjusted by genetic, environmental, and stochastic processes. Aging Cell 15(4):594–602
Greene MA, Loeser RF (2015) Aging-related inflammation in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthr Cartil 23(11):1966–1971
Gruver A, Hudson L, Sempowski G (2007) Immunosenescence of ageing. J Pathol 211(2):144–156
Guarner V, Rubio-Ruiz ME (2015) Low-grade systemic inflammation connects aging, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. In: Aging and health—a systems biology perspective, vol 40. Karger Publishers, Basel, pp 99–106
Guidi L, Tricerri A, Frasca D, Vangeli M, Errani AR, Bartoloni C (1998) Psychoneuroimmunology and aging. Gerontology 44(5):247–261
Haas RH (2019) Mitochondrial dysfunction in aging and diseases of aging. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, Basel
Hajjar ER, Cafiero AC, Hanlon JT (2007) Polypharmacy in elderly patients. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 5(4):345–351
Hakim FT, Flomerfelt FA, Boyiadzis M, Gress RE (2004) Aging, immunity and cancer. Curr Opin Immunol 16(2):151–156
Hall JA, Dominy JE, Lee Y, Puigserver P (2013) The sirtuin family’s role in aging and age-associated pathologies. J Clin Invest 123(3):973–979
Hamerman D (1993) Aging and osteoarthritis: basic mechanisms. J Am Geriatr Soc 41(7):760–770
Harman D (1992) Free radical theory of aging: history. In: Free radicals and aging. Birkhäuser, Basel, pp 1–10
Harvey A, Montezano AC, Lopes RA, Rios F, Touyz RM (2016) Vascular fibrosis in aging and hypertension: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Can J Cardiol 32(5):659–668
Hirai T, Korogi Y, Sakamoto Y, Hamatake S, Ikushima I, Takahashi M (1996) T2 shortening in the motor cortex: effect of aging and cerebrovascular diseases. Radiology 199(3):799–803
Huang Q, Tang J (2010) Age-related hearing loss or presbycusis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 267(8):1179–1191
Izzo C, Carrizzo A, Alfano A, Virtuoso N, Capunzo M, Calabrese M, De Simone E, Sciarretta S, Frati G, Oliveti M (2018) The impact of aging on cardio and cerebrovascular diseases. Int J Mol Sci 19(2):481
Jang JY, Blum A, Liu J, Finkel T (2018) The role of mitochondria in aging. J Clin Invest 128(9):3662
Jaul E, Barron J (2017) Age-related diseases and clinical and public health implications for the 85 years old and over population. Front Public Health 5:335
Jun T, ke-yan F, Catalano M (1996) Increased superoxide anion production in humans: a possible mechanism for the pathogenesis of hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 10(5):305–309
Karantzoulis S, Galvin JE, Braak, Salmon, Mckhann, McKhann, Jack, Sperling, Hodges, Butters (2011) Distinguishing Alzheimer’s disease from other major forms of dementia. Expert Rev Neurother 11(11):1579–1591
Khan SS, Singer BD, Vaughan DE (2017) Molecular and physiological manifestations and measurement of aging in humans. Aging Cell 16(4):624–633
Kim H, Kisseleva T, Brenner DA (2015) Aging and liver disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 31(3):184
Kinnunen K, Petrovski G, Moe MC, Berta A, Kaarniranta K (2012) Molecular mechanisms of retinal pigment epithelium damage and development of age-related macular degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol 90(4):299–309
Langa KM (2018) Cognitive aging, dementia, and the future of an aging population. In: Future directions for the demography of aging: proceedings of a workshop. National Academies Press, Washington
Liljas AEM (2017) The relationship of sensory impairments with cardiovascular disease and mortality, disability and frailty in older age: longitudinal cohort studies using the British Regional Heart Study and the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, UCL (University College London)
Liu H, Wang H, Shenvi S, Hagen TM, Liu RM (2004) Glutathione metabolism during aging and in Alzheimer disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1019(1):346–349
Logan AG (2011) Hypertension in aging patients. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 9(1):113–120
LĂłpez-OtĂn C, Blasco MA, Partridge L, Serrano M, Kroemer G (2013) The hallmarks of aging. Cell 153(6):1194–1217
Manolagas SC (2000) Birth and death of bone cells: basic regulatory mechanisms and implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis. Endocr Rev 21(2):115–137
Manolagas SC (2010) From estrogen-centric to aging and oxidative stress: a revised perspective of the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Endocr Rev 31(3):266–300
McGuire PJ (2019) Mitochondrial dysfunction and the aging immune system. Biology 8(2):26
Meneilly GS, Tessier D (2001) Diabetes in elderly adults. J Gerontol Ser A Biol Med Sci 56(1):M5–M13
Morley JE (2008) Diabetes and aging: epidemiologic overview. Clin Geriatr Med 24(3):395–405
Naor D, Bonavida B, Walford RL (1976) Autoimmunity and aging: the age-related response of mice of a long-lived strain to trinitrophenylated syngeneic mouse red blood cells. J Immunol 117(6):2204–2208
North BJ, Sinclair DA (2012) The intersection between aging and cardiovascular disease. Circ Res 110(8):1097–1108
Nussbaum RL, Ellis CE (2003) Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med 348(14):1356–1364
Oxenkrug G (2011) Interferon-gamma–inducible inflammation: contribution to aging and aging-associated psychiatric disorders. Aging Dis 2(6):474
Palmer AK, Kirkland JL (2016) Aging and adipose tissue: potential interventions for diabetes and regenerative medicine. Exp Gerontol 86:97–105
Patyar S, Prakash A, Modi M, Medhi B (2011) Role of vinpocetine in cerebrovascular diseases. Pharmacol Rep 63(3):618–628
Prelog M (2006) Aging of the immune system: a risk factor for autoimmunity? Autoimmun Rev 5(2):136–139
Reeve A, Simcox E, Turnbull D (2014) Ageing and Parkinson’s disease: why is advancing age the biggest risk factor? Ageing Res Rev 14:19–30
Rickman CB, Farsiu S, Toth CA, Klingeborn M (2013) Dry age-related macular degeneration: mechanisms, therapeutic targets, and imaging. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 54(14):ORSF68–ORSF80
Riggs BL, Khosla S, Melton LJ III (1998) A unitary model for involutional osteoporosis: estrogen deficiency causes both type I and type II osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and contributes to bone loss in aging men. J Bone Miner Res 13(5):763–773
Roberts KL, Allen HA (2016) Perception and cognition in the ageing brain: a brief review of the short-and long-term links between perceptual and cognitive decline. Front Aging Neurosci 8:39
Robinson JD, Turner J (2003) Impersonal, interpersonal, and hyperpersonal social support: cancer and older adults. Health Commun 15(2):227–234
Sahoo S, Meijles DN, Pagano PJ (2016) NADPH oxidases: key modulators in aging and age-related cardiovascular diseases? Clin Sci 130(5):317–335
Samad N, Ishaq S, Bano S, Manzoor N (2017) Calcium regulation in Alzheimer’s disease: mechanistic understanding. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 27(9):566–571
Saretzki G, von Zglinicki T (2002) Replicative aging, telomeres, and oxidative stress. Ann N Y Acad Sci 959(1):24–29
Sarkar D, Fisher PB (2006) Molecular mechanisms of aging-associated inflammation. Cancer Lett 236(1):13–23
Shaffer SW, Harrison AL (2007) Aging of the somatosensory system: a translational perspective. Phys Ther 87(2):193–207
Shammas MA (2011) Telomeres, lifestyle, cancer, and aging. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 14(1):28
Shay JW (2016) Role of telomeres and telomerase in aging and cancer. Cancer Discov 6(6):584–593
Shay JW, Wright WE (2001) Telomeres and telomerase: implications for cancer and aging. Radiat Res 155(1):188–193
Sheedfar F, Biase SD, Koonen D, Vinciguerra M (2013) Liver diseases and aging: friends or foes? Aging Cell 12(6):950–954
Simmonds MJ, Meiselman HJ, Baskurt OK (2013) Blood rheology and aging. J Geriatr Cardiol 10(3):291
Singh I (2016) Assessment and management of older people in the general hospital setting. In: Challenges in elder care. InTech, London, p 37
Smith CD, Carney JM, Tatsumo T, Stadtman ER, Floyd RA, Markesbery WR (1992) Protein oxidation in aging brain a: protein oxidation in aging brain. Ann N Y Acad Sci 663(1):110–119
Strait JB, Lakatta EG (2012) Aging-associated cardiovascular changes and their relationship to heart failure. Heart Fail Clin 8(1):143–164
Stuen C, Faye E (2003) Vision loss: normal and not normal changes among older adults. Generations 27(1):8–14
Surmeier DJ, Guzman JN, Sanchez-Padilla J (2010) Calcium, cellular aging, and selective neuronal vulnerability in Parkinson’s disease. Cell Calcium 47(2):175–182
Taddei S, Virdis A, Ghiadoni L, Versari D, Salvetti A (2006) Endothelium, aging, and hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 8(1):84–89
Terrando, N., Brzezinski, M., Degos, V., Eriksson, L. I., Kramer, J. H., Leung, J. M., et al. (2011). "Perioperative cognitive decline in the aging population." Mayo Clinic proceedings, Elsevier, Amsterdam 86(9): 885-893.
Tompkins MM, Basgall EJ, Zamrini E, Hill WD (1997) Apoptotic-like changes in Lewy-body-associated disorders and normal aging in substantia nigral neurons. Am J Pathol 150(1):119
Topinková E (2008) Aging, disability and frailty. Ann Nutr Metab 52(Suppl. 1):6–11
Vlassara H (1996) Protein glycation in the kidney: role in diabetes and aging. Kidney Int 49(6):1795–1804
Waite LJ (2018) Social well-being and health in the older population: moving beyond social relationships. In: Future directions for the demography of aging: proceedings of a workshop. National Academies Press, Washington
Wang JC, Bennett M (2012) Aging and atherosclerosis: mechanisms, functional consequences, and potential therapeutics for cellular senescence. Circ Res 111(2):245–259
Wang J, Ohno-Matsui K, Morita I (2012) Elevated amyloid β production in senescent retinal pigment epithelium, a possible mechanism of subretinal deposition of amyloid β in age-related macular degeneration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 423(1):73–78
Weyand CM, Goronzy JJ (2016) Aging of the immune system. Mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Ann Am Thorac Soc 13(5):S422–S428
Xia S, Zhang X, Zheng S, Khanabdali R, Kalionis B, Wu J et al (2016) An update on inflamm-aging: mechanisms, prevention, and treatment. J Immunol Res 2016:1
Xue Q-L (2011) The frailty syndrome: definition and natural history. Clin Geriatr Med 27(1):1–15
Yan J, Zhang H, Yin Y, Li J, Tang Y, Purkayastha S et al (2014) Obesity-and aging-induced excess of central transforming growth factor-β potentiates diabetic development via an RNA stress response. Nat Med 20(9):1001
Yang Z, Ming XF (2012) mTOR signalling: the molecular interface connecting metabolic stress, aging and cardiovascular diseases. Obes Rev 13:58–68
Yin D, Chen K (2005) The essential mechanisms of aging: irreparable damage accumulation of biochemical side-reactions. Exp Gerontol 40(6):455–465
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ahmed, T., Zulfiqar, A., Ishaq, S. (2020). Age-Related Diseases. In: Nabavi, S.M., D'Onofrio, G., Nabavi, S.F. (eds) Nutrients and Nutraceuticals for Active & Healthy Ageing. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3552-9_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3552-9_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-3551-2
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-3552-9
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)