Abstract
Land-related issues are directly and indirectly the main cause of instability, conflict, and violence in Africa. When we think of addressing the root cause of human displacement and irregular migration in Africa, resolving historical land injustice, mitigating marginalization, and implementation of sustainable land reform ought to be central. Yet, land reform is inadequately considered from the international community toward finding solutions for instability and irregular migration. Land reform legislation hardly shows up in the European Union (EU)-Africa partnership on migration management major policy documents. This research asserts that stability and sustainable migration management in Africa are grounded on enhanced social inclusion established through sustainable land reforms. It also brings to the limelight the disconnection between international relations with Africa in addressing irregular migration and the real threat facing some African communities and households. The linked concept of human security to land security and relational ties to socio-ecological vulnerability and resilience is examined. An exploratory sustainable land reform option is considered as a comprehensive perspective of irregular migration management within the EU-Africa mobility framework.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
European Commission (2015) Commission Decision of 20.10.2015 on the establishment of a European Union Emergency Trust Fund for stability and addressing root causes of irregular migration and displaced persons in Africa. European Commission, Brussels
Crush J (2013) Between north and south: the EU-ACP migration relationship
Crush J (2015) The EU–ACP migration and development relationship. Migr Dev 4:39–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2014.954377
Castles S, Van Hear N (2011) Root causes. In: Betts A (ed) Global migration governance. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 287–306
Docquier F, Peri G, Ruyssen I (2014) The cross-country determinants of potential and actual migration. Int Migr Rev 48:37–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/imre.12137
Kohnert D (2007) African migration to Europe: obscured responsibilities and common misconceptions
Carling J, Talleraas C (2016) Root causes and drivers of migration: implications for humanitarian efforts and development cooperation. Center for Security Studies | ETH Zurich, Peace Research Institute Oslo Publications, Oslo
Martin S (2010) Climate change, migration, and governance. Glob Gov 16:397–414. https://doi.org/10.2307/29764954
Piguet E, Pécoud A, de Guchteneire PFA (2011) Migration and climate change. UNESCO Publishing
Brown O (2008) Migration and climate change. Geneva
Castillejo C (2017) The EU migration partnership framework: time for a rethink? German Development Institute, Bonn
Antwi-Agyei P, Dougill AJ, Stringer LC (2015) Impacts of land tenure arrangements on the adaptive capacity of marginalized groups: the case of Ghana’s Ejura Sekyedumase and Bongo districts. Land Use Policy 49:203–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LANDUSEPOL.2015.08.007
Valipour M (2015) Land use policy and agricultural water management of the previous half of century in Africa. Appl Water Sci 5:367–395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-014-0199-1
Boswell J, Settle C, Dugdale A (2015) Who speaks, and in what voice? The challenge of engaging ‘the public’ in health policy decision-making. Public Manag Rev 17:1358–1374. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2014.943269
Frederiksen M (2016) Young men, time, and boredom in the Republic of Georgia. Temple University Press
Flahaux M-L, De Haas H (2016) African migration: trends, patterns, drivers. Comp Migr Stud 4:1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-015-0015-6
Langan M (2018) Security, development, and neo-colonialism. In: Neo-colonialism and the poverty of “development” in Africa. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 149–175
Bøås M, Torheim LE (2013) The trouble in Mali—corruption, collusion, resistance. Third World Q 34:1279–1292. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2013.824647
Andersson R (2016) Europe’s failed ‘fight’ against irregular migration: ethnographic notes on a counterproductive industry. J Ethn Migr Stud 42:1055–1075. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2016.1139446
Hansen P, Jonsson S (2011) Demographic colonialism: EU–African migration management and the legacy of Eurafrica. Globalizations 8:261–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2011.576842
Landau LB (2019) A chronotope of containment development: Europe’s migrant crisis and Africa’s reterritorialisation. Antipode 51:169–186. https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12420
Mbembe A, Nuttall S (2004) Writing the world from an African metropolis. Public Cult 16:347–372. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-16-3-347
de Haas H (2014) Migration theory: quo vadis? International Migration Institute, Oxford
Bilgic A, Pace M (2017) The European Union and refugees. A struggle over the fate of Europe. Glob Aff 3:89–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/23340460.2017.1322252
Austin G (2010) African economic development and colonial legacies. Int Dev Policy 1:11–32. https://doi.org/10.4000/poldev.78
Rodney W (2012) How Europe underdeveloped Africa. Pambazuka Press
Messina J, Adhikari U, Carroll J et al (2014) Population growth, climate change and pressure on the land—eastern and southern Africa. Global Center for Food Systems Innovation, East Lansing, MI, USA
Lynch G (2011) The wars of who belongs where: the unstable politics of autochthony on Kenya’s Mt Elgon. Ethnopolitics 10:391–410. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449057.2011.596671
Marshall-Fratani R (2006) The war of “who is who”: autochthony, nationalism, and citizenship in the Ivoirian crisis. Afr Stud Rev 49:9–44. https://doi.org/10.1353/arw.2006.0098
Michalopoulos S, Papaioannou E (2011) The long-run effects of the scramble for Africa. Cambridge, MA
Mamdani M (2001) When does a settler become a native? Citizenship and identity in a settler society. Pretexts Lit Cult Stud 10:63–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/713692599
Moyo S (2018) Third world legacies: debating the African land question with Archie Mafeje. Agrar South J Polit Econ. https://doi.org/10.1177/2277976018775361
Moyo S (2011) Land concentration and accumulation after redistributive reform in post-settler Zimbabwe. Rev Afr Polit Econ 38:257–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2011.582763
Berry SS (2018) Who owns the land? Social relations and conflict over resources in Africa. GLOCON Work Pap Ser 7:1–27
Anunobi F (2002) Women and development in Africa: from marginalization to gender inequality. Afr Soc Sci Rev 2:41–63
Ghosh D (2004) Gender and colonialism: expansion or marginalization? Hist J 47:737–755. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X04003930
Stone R (2012) For China and Kazakhstan, no meeting of the minds on water. Science 337:405–407
Bayeh E (2015) The legacy of colonialism in the contemporary Africa: a cause for intrastate and interstate conflicts. Int J Innov Appl Res 3:23–29
Dunn KC (2009) ‘Sons of the soil’ and contemporary state making: autochthony, uncertainty and political violence in Africa. Third World Q 30:113–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436590802622417
Bates RH (2015) When things fell apart: state failure in late-century Africa. University of Cambridge Press, Cambridge
African Union (2018) Conflicts between pastoralists and farmers on the continent take more lives than terrorism. Press release no. 151/2018
Maitra S (2018) The changing nature of conflict: the need for a conflict-sensitive approach. In: International humanitarian action. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 57–78
Raleigh C, Linke A (2013) African conflict baselines and trends: armed conflict location and event dataset (ACLED): overview, uses & applications. Department for International Development, London, UK
Government of Kenya (2013) Truth, justice and reconciliation report. Government Press, Nairobi, Kenya
Anderson D, Lochery E (2008) Violence and exodus in Kenya’s Rift Valley, 2008: predictable and preventable? J East Afr Stud 2:328–343. https://doi.org/10.1080/17531050802095536
Kanyinga K (2009) The legacy of the white highlands: land rights, ethnicity and the post-2007 election violence in Kenya. J Contemp Afr Stud 27:325–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/02589000903154834
Kanyinga K (2009) Land redistribution in Kenya. In: Agriculture land redistribution: towards greater consensus. World Bank, Washington, DC
Maconachie RA, Srinivasan R, Menzies N (2015) Responding to the challenge of fragility and security in West Africa: natural resources, extractive industry investment, and social conflict. World Bank, Washington, DC
Marc A, Verjee N, Mogaka S (2015) The challenge of stability and security in West Africa. World Bank and Agence Française de Développement, Washington, DC
Fon NNA (2019) Official bilingualism in Cameroon: an endangered policy? Afr Stud Q 18:55–66
Konings P, Nyamnjoh FB (2019) Anglophone secessionist movements in Cameroon. In: Secessionism in African politics. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 59–89
Pommerolle M-E, Heungoup HDM (2017) The “Anglophone crisis”: a tale of the Cameroonian postcolony. Afr Aff (Lond) 116:526–538. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adx021
Christopher AJ (1994) Indigenous land claims in the Anglophone world. Land Use Policy 11:31–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-8377(94)90041-8
Stewart D (2014) What is next for Mali? The roots of conflict and challenges to stability. Strategic Studies Institute and U.S. Army War College Press, Pennsylvania
Langer A, Stewart F (2015) Regional imbalances, horizontal inequalities, and violent conflicts: insights from four West African countries. World Bank, Washington, DC
Matfess H (2017) Boko Haram: history and context. Oxford University Press
Olaide IA (2013) Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria: its implication and way forwards toward avoidance of future insurgency. Int J Sci Res Publ 3:1–8
Turner BL, Matson PA, McCarthy JJ et al (2003) Illustrating the coupled human-environment system for vulnerability analysis: three case studies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:8080–8085. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1231334100
UNISDR (2010) United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. United Nations, Geneva
Naumann G, Barbosa P, Garrote L et al (2014) Exploring drought vulnerability in Africa: an indicator based analysis to be used in early warning systems. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 18:1591–1604. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1591-2014
Arnell NW, Adger WN, Thomas D, Geddes A (2013) Migration, immobility and displacement outcomes following extreme events. Environ Sci Policy 27:S32–S43. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVSCI.2012.09.001
Hugo G (1996) Environmental concerns and international migration. Int Migr Rev 30:105. https://doi.org/10.2307/2547462
FAO (2017) FAO Ethiopia drought response plan and priorities in 2017, revised version. https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/fao-ethiopia-drought-response-plan-and-priorities-2017-revised-version-august-2017. Accessed 3 May 2019
Government of Ethiopia (2018) Ethiopia: 2018 humanitarian and disaster resilience plan. GOE, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
European Commission (2018) Africa-Europe alliance: first projects kicked off just three months after launch. In: EC. International Cooperation and Development. https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/news-and-events/africa-europe-alliance-first-projects-kicked-just-three-months-after-launch_en. Accessed 3 May 2019
Africa-EU Partnership (2000) Africa-EU summit. In: Africa-EU summit, Cairo, 3–4 Apr 2000
Africa-EU Partnership (2006) Euro-African dialogue on migration and development. In: Euro-African dialogue on migration and development (Rabat process)
Africa-EU Partnership (2007) 2nd Africa-EU summit. In: Africa-EU partnership, Lisbon, 8–9 Dec 2007
Africa-EU Partnership (2010) 3rd Africa-EU summit. In: 3rd Africa-EU summit, Tripoli, 29–30 Nov 2010
Africa-EU Partnership (2014) 4th Africa-EU summit. In: Africa-EU partnership, Brussels, 3–4 Apr 2014
Africa-EU Partnership (2015) Valletta summit on migration. In: Valletta summit on migration, Valletta, Malta, 11–12 Nov 2015
Africa-EU Partnership (2017) 5th African Union—European Union summit. In: 5th African Union—European Union summit, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, 29–30 Nov 2017
Africa-EU Partnership (2019) EU-AU Ministers of Foreign Affairs meeting. In: EU-AU Ministers of Foreign Affairs meeting, Brussels, 22 Jan 2019
ECFR (2018) The Mediterranean and migration: postcards from a “crisis”. In: Migration through the Mediterranean: mapping the EU response. European Council on Foreign Relations. https://www.ecfr.eu/specials/mapping_migration. Accessed 31 July 2019
European Commission (2015) Implementation of the European neighbourhood policy partnership for democracy and shared prosperity with the southern Mediterranean partners report. European Commission, Brussels
Strik T (2017) The global approach to migration and mobility. Groningen J Int Law 5:310–328. https://doi.org/10.21827/5a6afa49dceec
Baldwin-Edwards M, Lutterbeck D (2019) Coping with the Libyan migration crisis. J Ethn Migr Stud 45:2241–2257. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2018.1468391
European Commission (2017) EUBAM-Libya initial mapping report. Working document of 24/01/2017. European External Action Service, Brussels
Baldwin-Edwards M, Blitz BK, Crawley H (2019) The politics of evidence-based policy in Europe’s ‘migration crisis’. J Ethn Migr Stud 45:2139–2155. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2018.1468307
Diez T, Pace M (2011) Normative power Europe and conflict transformation. In: Normative power Europe. Palgrave Macmillan UK, London, pp 210–225
Elgström O (2008) Images of the EU in EPA negotiations: angel, demon or just human? Eur Integr Online Pap 12:1–12
Elgström O (2007) Outsiders’ perceptions of the European Union in international trade negotiations. J Common Mark Stud 45:949–967. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.2007.00755.x
Menéndez AJ (2016) The refugee crisis: between human tragedy and symptom of the structural crisis of European integration. Eur Law J 22:388–416. https://doi.org/10.1111/eulj.12192
Niemann A, Zaun N (2018) EU refugee policies and politics in times of crisis: theoretical and empirical perspectives. J Common Mark Stud 56:3–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12650
European Commission (2018) Communication on a new Africa-Europe alliance for sustainable investment and jobs: taking our partnership for investment and jobs to the next level. European Commission, Brussels
Ilcan S, Oliver M, Connoy L (2015) Humanitarian assistance and the politics of self-reliance: Uganda’s Nakivale refugee settlement. CIGI Pap Ser 86:1–18
World Bank (2016) An assessment of Uganda’s progressive approach to refugee management. World Bank, Washington, DC
Smith L, Howard DA, Giordano M et al (2019) Local integration and shared resource management in protracted refugee camps: findings from a study in the Horn of Africa. J Refug Stud. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fez010
Castillejo C (2017) The European Union Trust Fund for Africa: what implications for future EU development policy? Bonn
UNDP (1994) Human development report: new dimensions of human security. United Nations Development Programme, New York
Schilling J, Nash SL, Ide T et al (2017) Resilience and environmental security: towards joint application in peacebuilding. Glob Change Peace Secur 29:107–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/14781158.2017.1305347
Ide T (2017) Space, discourse and environmental peacebuilding. Third World Q 38:544–562. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2016.1199261
Smith D, Vivekananda J (2012) Climate change, conflict, and fragility: getting the institutions right. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 77–90
Mitra S, Mulligan J, Schilling J et al (2017) Developing risk or resilience? Effects of slum upgrading on the social contract and social cohesion in Kibera, Nairobi. Environ Urban 29:103–122. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247816689218
Pelling M (2003) The vulnerability of cities natural disasters and social resilience. Earthscan Publications, London
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mwangi, S.W., Cirella, G.T. (2020). Sustainable Land Reforms and Irregular Migration Management. In: Cirella, G. (eds) Sustainable Human–Nature Relations. Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3049-4_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3049-4_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-3048-7
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-3049-4
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)