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Advanced Combustion Techniques and Engine Technologies for the Automotive Sector pp 111–147Cite as

Overview, Advancements and Challenges in Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Technology

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Part of the book series: Energy, Environment, and Sustainability ((ENENSU))

Abstract

Gasoline direct injection engines have become the popular powertrain for commercial cars in the market. The technology is known for its characteristics of high power output, thermal efficiency and fuel economy. Accurate metering of fuel injection with better fuel utilization makes the engine possible to run on lean mixtures and operation under higher compression ratio relatively makes it of greater potential than PFI engines. Due to its capability of being operated under dual combustion mode by varying fuel injection timing, it can be realized as a cornerstone for future engine technology. Under mode switching, the homogeneous mixture for higher power output at medium and high load-rpm conditions, and stratified mixture for greater fuel economy at low load-rpm conditions are achieved respectively. It can be considered as the technology having the benefits of both diesel engine of higher thermal efficiency and gasoline engine of higher specific power output. But, with the growing concerns towards the limited fuel reserves and the deteriorated environment conditions, strict norms for tail-pipe emissions have been regulated. And considering the higher particulate matter and particle number emissions as a major drawback for GDI engine, upgradation and improvement in designs is needed to meet the required norms of emissions. In the initial section, the chapter gives a brief idea of the overview of the GDI combustion system and its operating modes. Subsequently, the improvements and researches in various aspects like fuel injection parameters and strategies, dual fuel utilization, mixture formation, lean burn control and application of providing turbocharging and residual gas fraction, are elaborately discussed in the direction of optimizing the performance of the engine. Further, the following section explains the major challenges and overcoming of this technology. Review of the work done by various researchers is discussed, focussing on the effect of operating parameters on particulates emissions, injector deposits and knocking in GDI engine. Finally, the chapter presents the concluding ways for enhancing the performance, way forward for making it more efficient and reliable by overcoming the limitations of GDI engine technologies.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Mazda Corporation, Skyactiv Technology. http://www.mazda.com/en/innovation/technology/skyactiv/.

Abbreviations

ATDC:

After top dead centre

BMEP:

Brake mean effective pressure

BSFC:

Brake specific fuel consumption

BTDC:

Before top dead centre

CAD:

Crank angle division

CFD:

Computational fluid dynamics

CO:

Carbon monoxide

CR:

Compression ratio

DI:

Direct injection

DISI:

Direct injection spark ignition

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

EGR:

Exhaust gas recirculation

GDI:

Gasoline direct injection

GPF:

Gasoline particulate filter

HC:

Hydrocarbons

IC:

Internal combustion

IMEP:

Indicated mean effective pressure

ITE:

Indicated thermal efficiency

MPFI:

Multi-point fuel injection

NEDC:

New European driving cycle

PFI:

Port fuel injection

PM:

Particulate matter

PN:

Particulate number

RON:

Research octane number

SI:

Spark Ignition

TEM:

Transmission electron microscope

THC:

Total hydrocarbon

TRF:

Toluene reference fuel

TWC:

Three-way catalyst

VCR:

Variable compression ratio

WLTC:

Worldwide harmonized light vehicles test cycles

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Engine Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India

    Ankur Kalwar & Avinash Kumar Agarwal

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  1. Ankur Kalwar
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  2. Avinash Kumar Agarwal
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Correspondence to Avinash Kumar Agarwal .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India

    Akhilendra Pratap Singh

  2. Combustion and Propulsion Systems, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden

    Nikhil Sharma

  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

    Ramesh Agarwal

  4. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India

    Avinash Kumar Agarwal

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Kalwar, A., Agarwal, A.K. (2020). Overview, Advancements and Challenges in Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Technology. In: Singh, A., Sharma, N., Agarwal, R., Agarwal, A. (eds) Advanced Combustion Techniques and Engine Technologies for the Automotive Sector. Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0368-9_6

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