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Synthesis and Regulation of Fungal Secondary Metabolites

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Microbial Technology for the Welfare of Society

Part of the book series: Microorganisms for Sustainability ((MICRO,volume 17))

Abstract

Fungi are well known for their ability to produce a multitude of secondary metabolites (SMs) which act as a weapon of defense to protect themselves against parasites and predators. A variety of fungal SMs have proved to serve as an important factor for decades. The synthesis of SMs in fungi is a complex, multi-step process and is stage-specific under specialized conditions. SMs are primarily synthesized by non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) or polyketide synthase (PKS) enzymes. The genes encoded for SM synthesis are often located in the cluster form at the sub-telomere region. The SM biosynthetic gene cluster comprises of genes encoding for NRPS/PKS, a transcription factor, and other accessory genes essential for assembly and maturation of SM. The regulation of SM synthesis in fungi can be achieved by pathway-specific (in-clustered transcription factor), global regulatory proteins and chromatin remodeling. The regulatory protein-encoding gene present in each gene cluster is considered to be a crucial regulatory circuit of the SM biosynthetic pathway. Moreover, the regulation of fungal SM biosynthesis is also guided by global regulatory proteins responsive to pH, carbon, nitrogen, light/dark, and other environmental cues. Histone modifications by methylation and acetylation often altered the chromatin structure; as a result, these changes repress or express the genes of SM biosynthetic pathway. Taken together, we conclude that fungal SM ability as antibiotics to toxins is useful to mankind.

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    Arvind Kumar & Antresh Kumar

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Kumar, A., Kumar, A. (2019). Synthesis and Regulation of Fungal Secondary Metabolites. In: Arora, P. (eds) Microbial Technology for the Welfare of Society. Microorganisms for Sustainability, vol 17. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8844-6_2

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