Abstract
The paper attempts to provide theoretical understanding of the issue of participation of tribes of Koraput region in South Odisha in naxal movement on the basis of empirical study. The paper argues that the tribal participation in naxal movement is a protest against structural violence that takes place in the forms of land alienation, poverty, demeaning behaviour of officers, moneylenders, etc., towards tribes consequent upon state interventions for tribal development. Undoubtedly, the paper interrogates the development process adopted in the country for tribal development and critically examines emerging human rights issues at large. Further, it constructs a risk model drawing on differences in power relations in the society that arise in development process.
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Notes
- 1.
Tribal land alienation (see Shimray 2006; the articles included in Fernandes and Pereira 2005 and Fernandes and Barbora, 2008) in development process is a serious problem leading to marginalization, exclusion and displacement. Tribes are also deprived of natural resources (see the papers included in Behera and Basar 2014; cf. Gadgil and Guha 1995; Guha 2006). Guha (1983) critically analyses colonial and post-colonial forest policies, management practices and legislations, along with the historical process whereby the traditionally held rights of the forest communities have been progressively curtailed. Xaxa (2018) informs us that tribal movements have the essence of restoring autonomy in East India during colonial period and thereafter resulted from exploitation of tribal resources. Exploitation of minerals/resources in tribal/indigenous communities has been elaborately discussed in Padel and Das (2010).
- 2.
See, for example, Cramer (2003, 2005: 2–7) and Binswanger et al. (1995), to understand the relationship between inequality and conflict. Plato had also recognised inequality as contributing factor to conflict and instability. “We maintain that if a state is to avoid the greatest plague of all—I mean civil war, though civil disintegration would be a better term—extreme poverty and wealth must not be allowed to arise in any section of the citizen-body, because both lead to both these disasters” (Plato, cited in Cowell 1985: 21).
- 3.
- 4.
www.hindustantimes.com, November 22, 2010.
- 5.
www.economictimes.com, 17th November, 2010.
- 6.
www.economictimes.com, 17th November, 2010.
- 7.
These incidents of naxalites were covered in national and regional media.
- 8.
Interestingly, the respondents do not consider land as a component of wealth. To them wealth means vehicles, buildings, gold ornaments, etc. Land holds a special importance to them.
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Anuradha, K., Dash, J. (2019). Participation of South Odishan Tribes in Naxal Movements: A Contextual Analysis. In: Behera, M. (eds) Shifting Perspectives in Tribal Studies. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8090-7_6
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