Abstract
This chapter analyses how government policy influences and motivates universities to focus on recruiting high value international students (a phenomenon which developed in the 1980s and 1990s and continues today). It also provides an overview of the range of transnational education programmes provided by universities (such as distance learning, face-to-face teaching, collaboration with local partners and the development of branch campuses overseas). The chapter concludes by drawing attention to new international student markets and reflecting on how this has changed student demand.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Alexander, E. A., & Kapletia, D. (2017). Shifting logics: Limitations on the journey from ‘state’ to ‘market’ logic in UK higher education. Policy & Politics. https://doi.org/10.1332/030557317X15052077338233.
Altbach, P. G. (1989). The new internationalism: Foreign students and scholars. Studies in Higher Education, 14(2), 125–136.
Baruch, Y., Budhwar, P. S., & Khatri, N. (2007). Brain drain: Inclination to stay abroad after studies. Journal of World Business, 42(1), 99–112.
Beech, S. E. (2018). Adapting to change in the higher education system: International student mobility as a migration industry. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44(4), 610–625.
Bertram, G. (2004). New Zealand since 1984: Elite succession, income distribution and economic growth in a small trading economy. GeoJournal, 59(2), 93–106.
Betts, A. (2013). The migration industry in global migration governance. In T. Gammeltoft-Hansen & N. N. Sørensen (Eds.), The migration industry and the commercialization of international migration (pp. 45–63). Abingdon: Routledge.
Bowman, N. A., & Bastedo, M. N. (2010). Anchoring effects in world university rankings: Exploring biases in reputation scores. Higher Education, 61(4), 431–444.
Brooks, R. (2017). The construction of higher education students in English policy documents. British Journal of Sociology of Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2017.1406339.
Brooks, R. (2018). Understanding the higher education student in Europe: A comparative analysis. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 48(4), 500–517.
Brooks, R., & Everett, G. (2009). Post-graduation reflections on the value of a degree. British Educational Research Journal, 35(3), 333–349.
Brooks, R., & Waters, J. (2009a). A second chance at ‘success’: UK students and global circuits of higher education. Sociology, 43(6), 1085–1102.
Brooks, R., & Waters, J. (2009b). International higher education and the mobility of UK students. Journal of Research in International Education, 8(2), 191–209.
Brooks, R., & Waters, J. (2011). Student mobilities, migration and the internationalization of higher education. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Chapleo, C. (2011). Branding a university: Adding real value or ‘smoke and mirrors’. In M. Molesworth, R. Scullion, & E. Nixon (Eds.), The marketisation of higher education and the student as consumer (pp. 101–114). London: Routledge.
Collins, F. L., & Ho, K. C. (2014). Globalising higher education and cities in Asia and the Pacific. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 55(2), 127–131.
Daniel, J. (1993). The challenge of mass higher education. Studies in Higher Education, 18(2), 197–203.
Denkhaus, I., & Schneider, V. (1997). The privatisation of infrastructures in Germany. In J. E. Lane (Ed.), Public sector reform: Rationale, trends and problems (pp. 64–113). London: Sage.
Ennew, C. T., & Fujia, Y. (2009). Foreign universities in China: A case study. European Journal of Education, 44(1), 21–36.
Eustace, R. (1994). University autonomy: The ’80s and after. Higher Education Quarterly, 48(2), 86–117.
Findlay, A. M., King, R., Smith, F. M., Geddes, A., & Skeldon, R. (2012). World class? An investigation of globalisation, difference and international student mobility. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 37(1), 118–131.
Foskett, N. (2011). Markets, government, funding and the marketisation of UK higher education. In M. Molesworth, R. Scullion, & E. Nixon (Eds.), The marketisation of higher education and the student as consumer (pp. 25–38). London: Routledge.
Furedi, F. (2011). Introduction to the marketization of higher education and the student as consumer. In M. Molesworth, R. Scullion, & E. Nixon (Eds.), Marketisation of higher education and the student as consumer (pp. 1–7). London: Routledge.
Geddie, K. (2012). Constructing transnational higher education spaces: International branch campus developments in the United Arab Emirates. In R. Brooks, A. Fuller, & J. Waters (Eds.), Changing spaces of education: New perspectives on the nature of learning (pp. 39–58). London: Routledge.
Gribble, C. (2008). Policy options for managing international student migration: The sending country’s perspective. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 30(1), 25–39.
Guri-Rosenblit, S., Šebková, H., & Teichler, U. (2007). Massification and diversity of higher education systems: Interplay of complex dimensions. Higher Education Policy, 20(4), 373–389.
Hall, S., & Appleyard, L. (2011). Commoditising learning: Cultural economy and the growth of for-profit business education service firms in London. Environment and Planning A, 43(1), 10–27.
Harrison, N., & Peacock, N. (2010). Cultural distance, mindfulness and passive xenophobia: Using integrated threat theory to explore home higher education students’ perspectives on ‘internationalisation at home’. British Educational Research Journal, 36(6), 877–902.
Harvey, D. (2005). A brief history of neoliberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Healey, N. M. (2008). Is higher education in really ‘internationalising’? Higher Education, 55(3), 333–355.
Hernández-León, R. (2013). Conceptualizing the migration industry. In T. Gammeltoft-Hansen & N. N. Sørensen (Eds.), The migration industry and the commercialization of international migration (pp. 24–44). Abingdon: Routledge.
Ho, K. C. (2014). The university’s place in Asian cities. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 55(2), 156–168.
Huang, S., & Yeoh, B. S. A. (2011). Navigating the terrains of transnational education: Children of Chinese ‘study mothers’ in Singapore. Geoforum, 42, 394–403.
Ilieva, J. B. (2018). Five little-known facts about international student mobility to the UK: Analytical summary for UUKi. London: UUKi.
Jones-Devitt, S., & Samiei, C. (2011). From Accrington Stanley to academia? The use of league tables and student surveys to determine ‘quality’ in higher education. In M. Molesworth, R. Scullion, & E. Nixon (Eds.), The marketisation of higher education and the student as consumer (pp. 86–100). London: Routledge.
Jöns, H. (2009). ‘Brain circulation’ and transnational knowledge networks: Studying long-term effects of academic mobility to Germany, 1954–2000. Global Networks, 9(3), 315–338.
Jöns, H., & Hoyler, M. (2013). Global geographies of higher education: The perspective of world university rankings. Geoforum, 46(1), 45–59.
King Alexander, F. (2000). The changing face of accountability: Monitoring and assessing institutional performance in higher education. The Journal of Higher Education, 71(4), 411–431.
Knight, J. (2011). Education hubs: A fad, a brand, an innovation? Journal of Studies in International Education, 15(3), 221–240.
Lane, J. E. (1997). Public sector reform: Only deregulation, privatisation and marketization? In J. E. Lane (Ed.), Public sector reform: Rationale, trends and problems (pp. 1–16). London: Sage.
Lange, T. (2013). Return migration of foreign students and non-resident tuition fees. Journal of Population Economics, 26(2), 703–718.
Larner, W. (2007). Expatriate experts and globalising governmentalities: The New Zealand diaspora strategy. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 32(3), 331–345.
Leask, B. (2009). Using formal and informal curricula to improve interactions between home and international students. Journal of Studies in International Education, 13(2), 205–221.
Lee, J. J., & Kim, D. (2010). Brain gain or brain circulation? U.S. doctoral recipients returning to South Korea. Higher Education, 59(5), 627–643.
Leung, M. W. H., & Waters, J. L. (2013). British degrees made in Hong Kong: An enquiry into the role of space and place in transnational education. Asia Pacific Education Review, 14(1), 43–53.
Lin Sin, I. (2013). Cultural capital and distinction: Aspirations of the ‘other’ foreign student. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 34(5–6), 848–867.
Lynch, K. (2006). Neo-liberalism and marketisation: The implications for higher education. European Educational Research Journal, 5(1), 1–17.
Ma, A. S. (2014). Social networks, cultural capital and attachment to the host city: Comparing overseas Chinese students and foreign students in Taipei. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 55(2), 226–241.
Madge, C., Raghuram, P., & Noxolo, P. (2009). Engaged pedagogy and responsibility: A postcolonial analysis of international students. Geoforum, 40(1), 34–45.
Marginson, S. (2007). Global university rankings: Implications in general and for Australia. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 29(2), 131–142.
Marginson, S. (2014). University rankings and social science. European Journal of Education, 49(1), 45–59.
Marginson, S., & van der Wende, M. (2007). To rank or to be ranked: The impact of global rankings in higher education. Journal of Studies in International Education, 11(3–4), 306–329.
Maringe, F. (2011). The student as consumer: Affordances and constraints in a transforming higher education environment. In M. Molesworth, R. Scullion, & E. Nixon (Eds.), The marketisation of higher education and the student as consumer (pp. 142–154). London: Routledge.
Mayhew, K., Deer, C., & Dua, M. (2004). The move to mass higher education in the UK: Many questions and some answers. Oxford Review of Education, 30(1), 65–82.
Molesworth, M., Nixon, E., & Scullion, R. (2009). Having, being and higher education: The marketisation of the university and the transformation of the student into consumer. Teaching in Higher Education, 14(3), 277–287.
Montgomery, C. (2009). A decade of internationalisation: Has it influenced students’ views of cross-cultural group work at university? Journal of Studies in International Education, 13(2), 256–270.
Montgomery, C., & McDowell, L. (2009). Social networks and the international student experience: An international community of practice? Journal of Studies in International Education, 13(4), 455–466.
Naidoo, R. (2010). Repositioning higher education as a global commodity: Opportunities and challenges for future sociology of education work. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 24(2), 249–259.
Naidoo, R. (2016). The competition fetish in higher education: Varieties, animators and consequences. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 37(1), 1–10.
Naidoo, R., & Jamieson, I. (2005). Empowering participants or corroding learning? Towards a research agenda on the impact of student consumerism in higher education. Journal of Education Policy, 20(3), 267–281.
Natale, S. M., & Doran, C. (2012). Marketization of education: An ethical dilemma. Journal of Business Ethics, 105(2), 187–196.
Nixon, E., Scullion, R., & Hearn, R. (2018). Her majesty the student: Marketised higher education and the narcissistic (dis)satisfactions of the student-consumer. Studies in Higher Education, 43(6), 927–943.
Nordensvärd, J. (2011). The consumer metaphor versus the citizen metaphor: Different sets of roles for students. In M. Molesworth, R. Scullion, & E. Nixon (Eds.), The marketisation of higher education and the student as consumer (pp. 157–169). London: Routledge.
Olds, K. (2007). Global assemblage: Singapore, foreign universities, and the construction of a ‘global education’. World Development, 35(6), 959–975.
Pandit, K. (2009). Leading internationalization. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 99(4), 645–656.
Read, B., Archer, L., & Leathwood, C. (2003). Challenging cultures? Student conceptions of ‘belonging’ and ‘isolation’ at a post-1992 university. Studies in Higher Education, 28(3), 261–277.
Robertson, S. (2003). WTO/GATS and the global education services industry. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 1(3), 259–266.
Robertson, S. (2013). Transnational student-migrants and the state: The education-migration nexus. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Sauntson, H., & Morrish, L. (2011). Vision, values and international excellence: The ‘products’ that university mission statements sell to students. In M. Molesworth, R. Scullion, & E. Nixon (Eds.), The marketization of higher education and the student as consumer (pp. 73–85). London: Routledge.
Shattock, M. (1996). The creation of the British university system. In M. Shattock (Ed.), The creation of a university system (pp. 1–27). Oxford: Blackwell.
Sidhu, R. (2009). The ‘brand name’ research university goes global. Higher Education, 57(2), 125–140.
Sidhu, R., & Christie, P. (2014). Making space for an international branch campus: Monash University Malaysia. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 55(2), 182–195.
Simpson, R., Sturges, J., & Weight, P. (2010). Transient, unsettling and creative space: Experiences of liminality through the accounts of Chinese students on a UK-based MBA. Management Learning, 41(1), 53–70.
Slaughter, S., & Leslie, L. L. (1997). Academic capitalism: Politics, policies, and the entrepreneurial university. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
Soon, J.-J. (2012). Home is where the heart is? Factors determining international students’ destination country upon completion of studies abroad. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 38(1), 147–162.
Stevenson, H., & Bell, L. (2009). Universities in transition: Themes in higher education policy. In L. Bell, H. Stevenson, & M. Neary (Eds.), The future of higher education: Policy, pedagogy and the student experience (pp. 1–14). London: Continuum International Publishing Group.
Tang, A. Z. R., Rowe, F., Corcoran, J., & Sigler, T. (2014). Where are the overseas graduates staying on? Overseas graduate migration and rural attachment in Australia. Applied Geography, 53(1), 66–76.
Walsh, K. (1995). Public services and market mechanisms: Competition, contracting and the new public management. London: Macmillan Press Ltd.
Waters, J., & Leung, M. (2013a). A colourful university life? Transnational higher education and the spatial dimensions of institutional social capital in Hong Kong. Population, Space and Place, 19(2), 155–167.
Waters, J., & Leung, M. (2013b). Immobile transnationalisms? Young people and their in situ experiences of ‘international’ education in Hong Kong. Urban Studies, 50(3), 606–620.
Waters, J., & Leung, M. (2014). ‘These are not the best students’: Continuing education, transnationalisation and Hong Kong’s young adult ‘educational non-elite’. Children’s Geographies, 12(1), 56–69.
Waters, J. L., & Leung, M. W. H. (2017). Domesticating transnational education: Discourses of social value, self-worth and the institutionalisation of failure in ‘meritocratic’ Hong Kong. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 42(2), 233–245.
Waters, J., Brooks, R., & Pimlott-Wilson, H. (2011). Youthful escapes? British students, overseas education and the pursuit of happiness. Social & Cultural Geography, 12(5), 455–469.
Wilkins, S., & Huisman, J. (2011). Student recruitment at international branch campuses: Can they compete in the global market? Journal of Studies in International Education, 15(3), 299–316.
Williams, G. (1997). The market route to mass higher education: British experience 1979–1996. Higher Education Policy, 10(3/4), 275–289.
Williams, G. (2000). Mass market in higher education. In D. E. Gray & C. Griffin (Eds.), Post-compulsory education and the new millennium (pp. 202–216). London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Yokoyama, K. (2006). Entrepreneurialism in Japanese and UK universities: Governance, management, leadership, and funding. Higher Education, 52(3), 523–555.
Zha, Q. (2009). Diversification or homogenization: How governments and markets have combined to (re)shape Chinese higher education in its recent massification process. Higher Education, 58(1), 41–58.
Zheng, P. (2014). Antecedents to international student inflows to UK higher education: A comparative analysis. Journal of Business Research, 67(2), 136–143.
Ziguras, C., & Gribble, C. (2015). Policy responses to address student ‘brain drain’: An assessment of measures intended to reduce the emigration of Singaporean international students. Journal of Studies in International Education, 19(3), 246–264.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Beech, S.E. (2019). Recruiting Students: Negotiating Policy. In: The Geographies of International Student Mobility. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7442-5_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7442-5_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-7441-8
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-7442-5
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)