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Immunosenescence, Inflammaging, and Their Implications for Cancer and Anemia

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Models, Molecules and Mechanisms in Biogerontology

Abstract

Aging or senescence is a complex process that causes the progressive degeneration of physiological capacity, resulting in a greater probability of death. Senescence affects all cells and tissues of organism, including those of the immune system. The immune system of older people declines with age, and this phenomenon is known as immunosenescence. Immunosenescence results in greater susceptibility to pathology of various age-related disorders, a higher incidence of infections, neoplasia and autoimmune diseases, impaired response, susceptibility to chronic diseases, and weak response to vaccination. Aging affects cells of both innate and adaptive immunity. The cells involved in innate immunity show altered functions. Neutrophils, monocytes, or macrophages show reduced phagocytic ability and impaired superoxide production. Macrophages show reduced levels of MHC class II complexes. Dendritic cells show impaired migration and phagocytic capability and natural killer cells, a reduction in cytotoxicity. Mast cell number increases with age, and degranulation changes contribute to inflammatory responses in elderly. Aging characterized by a chronic, low-grade inflammation is termed as “inflammaging.” Inflammaging is a highly significant risk factor for morbidity and mortality in the elderly people. This phase of inflammation is associated with many chronic human diseases, including allergy, arthritis, atherosclerosis, cancer, and autoimmune diseases. Aging can cause dysregulation of the adaptive immune system due to diminished number of naïve B and T cells but a reciprocal rise in memory B and T cells. This results in decrease in T- and B-cell diversity along with low antibody affinity and rise of autoreactive antibodies causing overall weakening of the immune system. An increase in inflammatory markers with age, along with decreased efficacy of immunological surveillance, a process where neoplastic cells are detected and destroyed, increases the risk of cancer with age. Anemia of inflammation (AI), also referred as anemia of chronic disease (ACD), is the most common cause of anemia in the elderly. Oxidative stress may cause erythrocyte damage and thus results into AI. The interplay of inflammation and oxidative stress is described in a number of age-related disorders, such as anemia, cancer, angiogenesis, and vascular diseases.

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  1. Cellular and Molecular immunology laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India

    Sandeep Paudel, Priyanka Sharma & Niti Puri

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  1. Sandeep Paudel
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  2. Priyanka Sharma
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  1. School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India

    Pramod C. Rath

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Paudel, S., Sharma, P., Puri, N. (2019). Immunosenescence, Inflammaging, and Their Implications for Cancer and Anemia. In: Rath, P. (eds) Models, Molecules and Mechanisms in Biogerontology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3585-3_14

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