Skip to main content

A Review of Standards for Airborne LiDAR Data Acquisition, Processing, QA/QC, and Delivery

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Geospatial Infrastructure, Applications and Technologies: India Case Studies

Abstract

LiDAR (light detection and ranging) has become the de facto standard for collection of three-dimensional high-resolution spatial data, in the form of point cloud. In the presence of several agencies procuring LiDAR data, various software to process and classify data, and various survey requirements of the users of data with respect to horizontal and vertical accuracy, it has become imperative to establish standards for procurement, quality assessment, quality control (QA/QC), data storage, and data delivery. Several agencies have independently proposed standards in these areas, which have invariably lead to the need of a supporting document, which will help users in mentioning the different specifications with respect to surveying, accuracy, storage, and delivery aspects. In this paper, the authors present a review of the existing standards and draw out a template for supporting a user in mentioning the various technical requirements of LiDAR data, with respect to the needs of a project.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. McCormick, M.P.: Airborne and spaceborne LiDAR. In: Weitkamp, C. (ed.) LiDAR. Springer, New York (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Petrie, G.: Airborne topographic laser scanners. Geoinformatics 14, 35–44 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  3. USGS: 3D Elevation Program (3DEP). https://nationalmap.gov/3DEP/. Last accessed 22 Jan 2018

  4. FEMA: Guidelines and Specifications for Flood Hazard Mapping Partners. http://kam-az.com/index_htm_files/FEMA%20Standards.pdf. Last accessed 03 Jan 2018

  5. NOAA: Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) Requirements. https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/RSD/LIDAR_SOW_NGSDec2009.pdf. Last accessed 03 Jan 2018

  6. ICSM: ICSM LiDAR Acquisition Specifications and Tender Template. http://www.icsm.gov.au/elevation/LiDAR_Specifications_and_Tender_Template.pdf. Last accessed 03 Jan 2018

  7. GeoBC: Specifications for LiDAR. https://www.for.gov.bc.ca/ftp/hts/external/!publish/yuan/LEFI_Workshop2016/GeoBC_LiDARSpecifications_v2.0_FINAL.pdf. Last accessed 02 Jan 2018

  8. Hiederman, H.K.: LiDAR Base Specification Version 1.2. https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/11b4/pdf/tm11-B4.pdf. Last accessed 03 Jan 2018

  9. LINZ: New Zealand National LiDAR Base Specifications. https://www.linz.govt.nz/system/files_force/media/doc/loci_nz-lidar-base-specification-20161220.pdf. Last accessed 04 Jan 2018

  10. NRCAN: Federal Airborne LiDAR Data Acquisition Guideline version 1.0 (Draft). http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2017/rncan-nrcan/M113-1-117-eng.pdf. Last accessed 03 Jan 2018

  11. NDOR: NDOR Airborne LiDAR Mapping Guidelines. http://dot.nebraska.gov/media/6770/consult-lidar.pdf. Last accessed 04 Jan 2018

  12. Flood, M.: Product definitions and guidelines for use in specifying LiDAR deliverables. Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. 68, 1230–1234 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  13. ASPRS: ASPRS LAS Format Standard 1.4 (2011). http://www.asprs.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/LAS_1_4_r13.pdf

  14. ASPRS: ASPRS LAS Format Standard 1.3 (2010). http://www.asprs.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/LAS_1_3_r11.pdf

  15. ASPRS: ASPRS LAS Format Standard 1.2 (2008). http://www.asprs.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/asprs_las_format_v12.pdf

  16. ASPRS: ASPRS LAS Format Standard 1.1 (2005). http://www.asprs.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/asprs_las_format_v11.pdf

  17. ASPRS: ASPRS LAS Format Standard 1.0 (2003). http://www.asprs.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/asprs_las_format_v10.pdf

  18. ASPRS: ASPRS positional accuracy standards for digital geospatial data. Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. 81, A1–A26 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Dashora, A., Lohani, B., Deb, K.: Two-step procedure of optimization for solving the flight planning problem for airborne LiDAR data acquisition. Int. J. Math. Model. Numer. Optim. 4, 323–350 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMMNO.2013.059194

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  20. Piel, S., Populus, J., Chust, G., Ibon, G.: Recommended Operating Guidelines (ROG) for Lidar Surveys. http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/pdf/MeshA_ROG_Lidar_Survey_v4.0.pdf. Last accessed 14 Jan 2018

  21. Caldwell, J., Agarwal, S.: LiDAR best practices. Earth Imaging J. (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Pradhan, B., Mezaal, M.R.: Optimized rule sets for automatic landslide characteristic detection in highly vegetated forests. In: Pradhan, B. (eds) Laser Scanning Applications in Landslide Assessment. Springer (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  23. GeoBC: Specifications for LiDAR for Province of British Columbia. https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/data/geographic/digital-imagery/geobc_lidar_specifications.pdf. Last accessed 02 Jan 2018

  24. ASPRS: LAS File Format Exchange Activities (2017). https://www.asprs.org/committee-general/laser-las-file-format-exchange-activities.html. Last accessed 15 June 2017

  25. Isenburg, M.: LASzip: Lossless Compression of LiDAR Data. https://www.cs.unc.edu/~isenburg/lastools/download/laszip.pdf. Last accessed 02 Jan 2018

  26. van Maren, G.: ESRI Introduces Optimized LAS. https://blogs.esri.com/esri/arcgis/2014/01/10/esri-introduces-optimized-las/. Last accessed 02 Jan 2018

  27. OSGEO: LiDAR Format Letter. http://wiki.osgeo.org/wiki/LIDAR_Format_Letter. Last accessed 02 Jan 2018

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to B. Lohani .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Lohani, B., Ghosh, S., Dashora, A. (2018). A Review of Standards for Airborne LiDAR Data Acquisition, Processing, QA/QC, and Delivery. In: Sarda, N., Acharya, P., Sen, S. (eds) Geospatial Infrastructure, Applications and Technologies: India Case Studies. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2330-0_22

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2330-0_22

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-13-2329-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-13-2330-0

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics