Introduction

Ts’ai, Yung-ch’un

doi:10.1007/978-981-10-8566-6_1

Yung-ch’un Ts’ai²

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Abstract

The period of Sung (960–1278 A.D.) has been called the golden age of Chinese Philosophy. It was a time when the nation suffered from the military invasions of her northern neighbours. But at the same time her arts and learning, especially philosophy, soared to a height rarely seen in Chinese history. Indeed, as Prof. Ch’en Yin-k’o has put it, the birth of Sung Neo-Confucianism was the one event for which 1200 years of the history of Chinese thought had been a preparation.

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Notes

1.
The term “philosophy” is used in the broad sense. Cf. statement at the beginning of Chap. 2—See Liu I-cheng, Chung Kuo Wen Hua Shih, Book II, chap. XVIII, esp. p. 96; Forks, Geschichte der neueron chinesischen Philosophie, pp. 5–8.
2.
Ch’en Yin-k’o, “Exarination Report III”, Appendix, History of Chinese Philosophy by Fung, Chinese Ed.
Hu Shih, The Chinese Renaissance, p. 88.
3.
For instance, “Author B” of the Doctrine of the Mean, the author of the Great Learning, and the authors of the “Appendices” of the Book of Changes.
4.
For example, WS, XII, 7a: 18f.
5.
*ICWC, VII, 6a: 12.
6.
See “Pioneers of Neo-Confucianism” below.
7.
YK, Appendix III, I, XI, 70.
8.
Sung Yüan Hsüeh An, XII. For a reproduction of the diagram and an English version of the Explanation see Bruce, Chu Hsi and His Masters, p.128 ff.
9.
Sung Yüan Hsüeh An, IX.
10.
See Bibliog., 1, 13–15.
11.
Based on Chang Tzu Ch’ üan Shu. See also Sung Yüan Hsüeh An, XVII–XVIII.
12.
They referred to him by name instead of calling him master. Ref. e.g. ICWC, Appendix 5a: 3–5.
13.
Ibid.
14.
WS, XII, 6b: 6–7; ICWC, Appendix 3b:1–2.
15.
*ICWC, V, 4a.
16.
*ICWC, V, 12a: 13ff.; IS, XVIII, 11b: 5–8; WS, XII, 13b: 10.
17.
Ch’ien Mu, “Erh Ch’eng Hsüeh Shu Shu P’ing”, Ssu Hsiang Yü Shih Tai, No. 45.
18.
*ICWC VII, 7b: 6–9; op. cit. Preface, 6b: 7–9; 7a: 4–5; op. cit., II, 8a: 7–9.
19.
ICWC, Contents, 7a: 4–5.
20.
Alfred Forke, op. cit., p. 72.
21.
Fung, Short Hist. of Chinese Philosophy. p. 281.
22.
For example, IS XV, 3b: 10–4a: 8 = 9b: 13–10a: 4, 11–10b: 4. Again IS, XV, 4b: 10 = 15b: 7 = 17b: 5 = 18b: 5. See Introduction Sect. 1.2, Footnote 98.
23.
For example in 1072–1075 A.D. both brothers were at home in Loyang. See Sung Ch’eng Ch’un Kung Nien P’u (Chronology of Ch’eng Hao) by Yang Hsi-min, 12a, b.
24.
*ICWC, VII, 6a: 5; IS, Appendix 7b: 2; 12a: 10. The year “Kuei Yu” in which Ch’eng I was born lasted from Feb 3, 1033 to Jan 22, 1034.
25.
ICWC, VIII, 1b: 7–8.
26.
*Ibid., 5b, “Life”.
27.
*Ibid., 6a ff, “Life”.
28.
Ibid., 1a: 13.
29.
*ICWC, IV, 5a: 7f; 7a; IS, XVIII, 42b: 11 ff.
30.
WS, XII, 16b: 13f.
31.
IS, XXII A, 10a: 11ff; WS, XII, 3a: 5–9; 11a: 4–7; 12a: 8 ff.
32.
WS, XII, 3b: 3–5. Cf. 17a: 6–7; 18b: 13 ff. Among the three different versions of the same story the one here quoted seems the best.
33.
IS, Appendix 12a: 12 ff.
34.
WS, XII, 7b: 13 ff.
35.
See Footnote 43.
36.
*ICWC, II, 3b: 8–10; 11a: 11.
37.
WS, XII, 3a: 5–9.
38.
WS, XII, 2a: 10–11.
39.
IS, XXII A, 10a: 11 ff.
40.
Cf. *ICWC, IV, 6af; IS, XXII A, 3b: 2–3.
41.
*ICWC, VIII, 5b: 12 f.
42.
Ssu-ma Kuang, Lü Kung-chu, and Han Chiang. See *ICWC, II, 13b: 2; IS, Appendix 7b: 13.
43.
The Chinese official title is Ch’ung Cheng Tien Shuo Shu.
44.
*ICWC, II, 5b: 2f; 7b: 13f.
45.
*Op. cit., II, 15b: 2.
46.
*Op. cit., II, 4a: 2–3.
47.
*Op. cit., II, 2b: 4f; 3a: 8–12.
48.
*Op. cit., II, 7a: 5ff; 7a: 13f; 7b: 2–5.
49.
IS, Appendix 8b: 12 ff; 10b: 5ff; *ICWC, III, the whole book.
50.
Han Lin Yüan Hsüeh Shih.
51.
Shih Tu. See Ch’en Pang-chan, Sung Shih Chi Shih Pen Mo, Book XLV.
52.
IS, Appendix 11b: 4.
53.
Analects, VII, IX.
54.
Ch’en Pang-chan, Ibid; IS, Appendix 10b: 5-11b: 6. Cf. Lin Yutang, The Gay Genius, pp. 262–263.
55.
IS, Appendix 11a: 6.
56.
Ibid. Also WS XII, 19 af.
57.
A radical political party known as the Hsin Tang or New Party. See Ch’en Pang-chan, op. cit. Book XLVI; Liu I-chang, op. cit., Bk. II, Ch. 19.
58.
Ch’en Pang-chan, op. cit., Book XLVI; IS, Appendix 11b: 7–10.
59.
IS, Appendix 12a.
60.
*ICWC, V, 7a: 5–9. Of. also IS, XXIV, 3b: 1–2; IS, XVIII, 29b: 13f.
61.
*CS, IV, Preface, 1a: 13; *ICWC, V, 14b: 5–8.
62.
CS, V.
63.
Wang Yang-ming, “Preface to the Ancient Edition of the Great Learning” (Ta Hsüeh Ku Pen Hsü) Yang Ming Ch’ üan Shu, Book 7, p. 12a. An English Tr. Of this Preface may be found in Henke, Philosophy of Wang Yang-ming, p. 494 ff. See also Chung T’ai, Chung Kuo Che Hsüeh Shih, p. 31 f.
64.
P. C. Hsü, Ethical Realism in Neo-Confucian Thought, Appendix, pp. xv–xviii. See essay in Sect. 7.1.
65.
For example: Chu Hsi (1130–1200), Chin Ssu Lu (which includes recorded sayings of the Ch’eng brothers, Chou Tun-i and Chang Tsai); Lü Jan (1479–1542), Erh Ch’eng Tsu Ch’ao Shih, 10 bks; Li Kuang-ti (1642–1718), Erh Ch’eng Tzu Ch’ao Shih, 10 bks; Li Kuang-ti (1642–1718), Erh Ch’eng Tzu I Shu Ch’uan, 2 bks; Chang Pai-hsing (1651–1725), Erh Ch’eng Yü Lu, 18 bks.
66.
Pp. 85–104.
67.
Chap. 24.
68.
This is Chap. 12 of vol. II, to appear in the English version.
69.
From *IC, IV, 20b: 7–9, in History of Chinese Philosophy, vol. II, Chap. XII, p. 872 Chinese edition.
70.
The books are given here as six in number. But bibliographers have also listed them as seven, because the Wen Chi can be counted as two books.
71.
See Appendix D, Footnote 1.
72.
Ibid., 3.
73.
Ibid., Table Footnote a in Sect. 1.1.6.5.
74.
Ibid., 6.
75.
Ibid., Footnote 13.
76.
See Ssu K’u T’i Yao critical reports reprinted in the front part of the Complete Works.
77.
Vernacular literature began in the T’ang period (618–907 A.D.) when Ch’an Buddhists used the spoken language to record the teachings of their masters. The disciples of the Ch’eng brothers were the first ones in the Confucian school to practice the same. See Ch’ien Mu, “Sung I Hsia Chung Kuo Wen Hua Chih Chü Shih”, Ssu Hsiang Yü Shih Tai, no. 31.
78.
IS, Preface.
79.
WS, I and II are “Gleanings” from Chu Kuang-t’ing’s MSS. But these were said to be compounded with notes taken by other disciples. See WS, Contents, la.
80.
IS, Preface.
81.
IS, XIX, 4a: 12 ff.
82.
IS, Contents. Li Yü’s notes are now seen in IS, I.
83.
Ibid.
84.
Chu Hsi, Chu Tzu Ch’üan Shu, LIII, 36ab, 37a.
85.
Ibid., 36a. Lü Ta-lin was the recorder of IS, IIA; IIB was also ascribed by some to him. See IS, Contents.
86.
Chu Hsi, loc. cit., Liu Hsüan(Chih-fu) was the recorder of IS, XI–XIV.
87.
Ibid., 36b, 37a. Hsieh Liang-tso (Hsien-tao) contributed IS, III. In the critical note under the title in the Contents, Chu Hsi tells us that Hsieh Liang-tso had said that when he was studying under the two masters, he did not take any notes as everyone else did. These notes, therefore, must be his reminiscences.
88.
Ibid., 36ab, 37a. Yu Cha (Ting-fu) was the writer of IS, IV.
89.
Ibid., 37b. Chang I (Ssu-shu) was the recorder of IS, XXIA.
90.
Ibid., 37a. Liu An-chieh (Yüan-ch’eng) was the writer of IS, XVIII, while Pao Jo-yü (Ju-lin) was the writer of IS, XXIII. Both of them were disciples from Yung Chia.
91.
IS, Preface, in Contents, 3b: 12.
92.
Chu Hsi, loc. cit., 35b, 36b.
93.
IS, Preface, in Contents 3b: 13ff.
94.
Ibid.
95.
Huang Chen, Huang Shih Jin Ch’ao, XXXIII, 6a. (Huang Chen’s exact dates are difficult to find; but he qualified for the Chin-Shih degree in 1256).
96.
Chu Hsi, loc. Cit., 35b.
97.
E.g. IS, Contents, WS, Contents, Chu Hsi loc.cit.
98.
Critical Notes about IS, XV:
IS XV is specially interesting not only because of the unusual insight, some of its recorders showed, but also because of the critical problems it raises. With regard to the recorder’s insight, the reader is referred to Sect. 2.3.1.1. With regard to the critical problems, the writer’s findings are as follows:
1. (1)
  IS, XV is a record of the sayings of Ch’eng I and not of Ch’eng Hao: Chu Hsi noted that the MS was believed by some to be the recorded sayings of Ch’eng Hao. But he was right in ascribing the sayings to Ch’eng I, for internal evidence is strongly in favour of his view. Many sayings in the book are found in other parts of the Complete Works where sayings or writings were definitely ascribed to Ch’eng I. E.g.,
  1. a.
    IS, XV, 3b: 7–8 = IS, XVIII, 12b: 6–10; XXIA, 3a: 3–9.
  2. b.
    IS, XV, 4a: 4–5 = XVIII, 5a: 7–9.
  3. c.
    IS, XV, 4b: 2–3; cf. *ICWC. VI, 5a: 7–5b: 7.
  4. d.
    IS, XV, 6b: 8 = 14a: 9 = IS, XXIIA, 10b.
2. (2)
  IS, XV is a composite record of notes taken down by more than one disciple listening to the same discussions: This view is strongly supported by internal evidence. There are many cases where the same sayings appear more than once in the book, some appear even as many as four times. For example,
- 3b: 10 = 9b: 13ff;
- 3a: 4 = 10b: 6;
- 4b: 10 = 15b: 7; = 17b: 5; = 18b: 5;
- 6b: 8 = 14a: 9;
- 6b: 10 = 15a: 11;
- 4b: 7 = 14b: 6;
- 15b: 6 = 18b: 9.
There is also a tendency for sayings to reappear in groups, e.g.
1a: 7, 8, 10, 13; 2a: 11 = 11b: 6, 11a: 3, 13, 7; 11b: 9; 16a: 1.
1. (3)
  A comparative study of the parallel records revealed the fact that most if not all of the notes were not taken down verbatim. They were probably written after the discussions were over. For this reason the contents and order of the recorded conversations are as a rule quite varied.
99.
IS, Contents, 1a: 10; 3a: 12f.
100.
IS, Preface: in Contents, 4a: 2–4.
101.
WS, Contents; see also Preface in 2a.
102.
WS, Preface.
103.
WS, Contents.
104.
Also called Ho Nan Erh Ch’eng Hsien Sheng Wen Chi.
105.
ICWC, Preface.
106.
Regarding commentaries and expositions see Sects. 1.2.4 and 1.2.6.
107.
For instance, three years after the first publication of Erh Ch’eng Wen Chi in 1166, Chang Shih received from Chu Hsi and forwarded for additional publication a collection of nine additional passages. As late as 1323 T’an Shan-hsin made a further collection which forms Appendix I of the present Wen Chi (see Erh Ch’eng Wen Chi, Appendix II, p. 12b: Appendix I, Preface).
This explains why Sung Scholars made varied reports about the number of books contained in these collections. Thus both Ch’en Chen-sun (Sung Dynasty) and Ma Tuan-lin (fl. 13th century) recorded a Ming Tao Chi of four books plus one book of additional collection, while the Ming Tao Wen Chi we now have contains five books. The combined edition of the two collections which they saw was reported to contain 12 books while the total number in the present book is 13 books plus appendices. Ch’en also recorded an I Ch’uan Chi of 9 books, one book more than the present edition, while Ma reported one of 20 books which included some of his other writings. See Ch’en Chen-sun, Chih Chai Shu Lu Chieh T’I (a Sung Bibliographical work). Imperial Wu Ying Tien edition, IX, 10a; Ma Tuan-lin, Wen Hsien T’ung K’ao, book 235.
108.
Hu An-kuo (1073–1138). For full account see Erh Ch’eng Wen Chi, Contents; Appendix I, Preface; and Appendix II.
109.
Chang Shih (Nan-hsien, 1133–1180); Liu Kung (Kung-fu, 1122–1171). See Chang Shih’s Postscript, ICWC, Appendix II, 12b: 9ff.
110.
See Chu Hsi’s letters to Chang Shih and Liu Kung, which are seen in his literary collection Chu Tsu Ta Ch’üan, Bks. XXXVII, 12b–15b; XXX, 22a; 23a, b; 24b–29a. These are reprinted in Erh Ch’eng Wen Chi, Appendix II. See particularly pp. 10a, 11b, 12a in the latter.
111.
Chang Shih in his reply to Chu Hsi (Chang Shih, Complete Works, or Sung Chang Hsüan Kung Ch’üan Chi, XXI, 1b–2b) said that he had made almost 200 corrections in the texts according to suggestions made by Chu Hsi. See also Footnote 107.
112.
See Appendix E, “Some Minor Points of Historical Criticism Concerning the Erh Ch’eng Wen Chi”.
113.
Chang Pai-hsing (1651–1725).
114.
This edition is evidently very late, at least later than 1323 A.D., for reasons given below.
115.
Evidence for this statement is seen from the fact that Bk. V of this edition conforms completely with T’an Shan-hsin’s order of the articles which was quite different from Hu An-kuo’s copy, and also from the fact that 12 out of 16 headings of T’an Shan-hsin’s collections of writings of the Ch’eng brothers are present. But all the eleven items of sayings in the same collection are missing, and in all the other books apart from Bk. V, T’an Shan-hsin’s order was not followed. However, a whole book of Ch’eng Hao’s poems and a number of Ch’eng I’s writings are omitted. The preface written by Ch’eng I’s son, and all the postscripts in T’an Shan-hsin’s edition also do not appear.
116.
The I Chuan is also variously called:
I Ch’uan I Chieh or Exposition of the Book of Changes by the Master I Ch’uan, as in Ch’en Chen-sun, op. cit., and Ch’eng I Ch’uan I Chuan, or Commentary on the Book of Changes by the Master Ch’eng I Ch’uan, as in Ch’ien Tseng, Tu Shu Min Ch’iu Chi.
The collator Lü Chu-ch’ien (Pai-kung, 1137–1181) is also known as Tung Lai Hsien Sheng.
117.
For example, Chu Hsi and Ch’en Chen-sun agreed in saying that the I Chuan represents Ch’eng I’s most profound thoughts. See Ch’en Chen-sun, op. cit., I, 10b; Ch’ien Tseng, op. cit., IA, 2b.
118.
IS, XVIII, 43a: 7–8.
119.
*ICWC, V, 16a: 3.
120.
Yang Shih, “Postscript to the Collated MS of the Commentary on the Book of Changes by the Master of I Ch’uan”, Complete Works, or Kuei Shan Hsien Sheng Ch’üan Chi, 1591 edition, XXV, 9ab.
121.
Yang Shih, “Letters to Yu Cha: No. 5”, op. Cit., XIX, 3a.
122.
Chu Hsi, “Chronicles of the Master I Ch’uan” or “I Ch’uan Hsien Sheng Nien P’u”. See IS, Appendix, 12a: 8.
123.
Lü Chu-ch’ien, “Postscript to the Collated Manuscript of the Commentary on the Book of Changes by the Master I Ch’uan”, Chin Hua Ts’ung Shu, Tung Lai Chi, VI, 33a.
124.
Sung Yüan Hsüeh An, XXVII.
125.
Chu Hsi. Chu Tzu Te Ch’ üan, LXXXI, 19b.
126.
It is useful to know that the I Chuan was early combined with Chu Hsi’s Chou I Pen I into Chou I Chuan I, or Chou I Ch’eng Chu Chuan I. But this did not affect the textual integrity of Ch’eng I’s Commentary in its other editions.
127.
Ch’en chen-sun, op. cit. (which was a Sung bibliography) and Tung Tu Shih Lüeh (which was a Sung history book) both reported 6 books, while Ma Tuan-lin, op. cit. (a Sung encyclopedia) and Sung Shih: I Wen Chih reported 10. Ch’ien Tseng, a Ch’ing scholar, in his Tu Shu Min Ch’iu Chi quoted above, expressed belief that 6 is probably right and 10 mistaken because a Sung edition that he himself owned had 6 books. The modern reprint of a 1349 edition which the writer uses also has 6; and this 1349 edition is itself thought to be the reprint of a Sung edition (see Postscript of the said edition).
128.
Ch’en Chen-sun, op. cit., I, 10b, 18a. Ch’ien Tseng, op. cit., IA, 2b–3b. Ssu K’u Ch’üan Shu Tsung Mu, under “Book of Changes II”: “Commentaries on the Book of Changes”; also under “Ching Tsung I”: “Ch’eng Shih Ching Shuo, seven books”.
129.
Book of Changes, Book of History, Book of Odes, Li Ki, and Ch’un Ch’iu or Spring and Autumn Annals.
130.
IS, XVIII, 43a: 5ff.
131.
WS, XII, 10a: 6–8. 12b: 10–12; IS, XVII, 1b: 4–5.
132.
*ICWC, V, 14b: 5–8.
133.
Ch’en Chen-sun, op. cit., III, p. 25a.
134.
See “Ssu K’u T’i Yao” reprinted in front part of Complete Works, 3bf.
135.
*ICWC, V, 14b: 5–8; IS, XVII, 1b: 4–5.
136.
WS, XII, 10a: 6–8; 12b: 10–12.
137.
For example, (1) Regarding the remarriage of the nobility, *CS, IV, 2b: 13–3a: 2; 7b: 1–3; of. IS, XXIIB, 4b: 13–5a: 3. (2) Regarding sacrifice to the Duke of Chou, *CS, IV, 7b: 3–5, of. IS, XVIII, 39b: 10.
138.
*CS, IV, 16a: 11.
139.
Chu Hsi, Ta Hsüeh Chang Chü Chi Chu, Preface, dated 1189; Text and Commentary Chap. V.
140.
One note for each chapter except chaps. IV and V which have a joint note while chap. IX has two notes. See CS, I, 1a–3b.
141.
Ch’en Chen-sun, op. cit., 10b; 18a.
142.
Chu Hsi, Chou I Pen I, “Hsi Tz’u”, see I, Chap. IX, quoting from CS, I, 3a: 13.
143.
Part II, book I, quoting from CS, II, 8b: 6, and 9a: 2–5.
144.
Wang Ying-lin, K’un Hsüeh Chi Wen, IIA, 9b, quoting from CS, II, 6b: 2–3.
145.
Sung Shih: I Wen Chih.
146.
For example, From “Ti Tung”, CS, III, 5b; “Tzu I”, 8a; “Lang Pa”, 16a; and “Ts’ai Wei”, 19a, b.
147.
Chu Hsi, Lun Yü Chang Chü Chi Chu.
148.
See “Ssu K’u T’i Yao” reprinted in front part of Complete Works 4a: 2–3.
149.
CS, VII, la: 1–5. Could this note have been written by K’ang Shao-tsung?
150.
IS, XVII, 1b: 5, 9; of. Chu Hsi, Chu Tzu Ta Ch’üan, LXXV, 29a: 4–6.
151.
Yang Shih, Complete Works, XXV, 8ab, “Preface to the Chung Yung I”.
152.
SY, Preface.
153.
Sung Lien, Chu Tzu Pien, also entitled Lung Men Tzu, written in 1358, end of the book.
154.
Ssu K’u Ch’üan Shu Tsung Mu, book XCV, Ts’un Mu under “I Ch’uan Sui Yen”.
155.
Ssu K’u Ch’üan Shu T’i Yao, reprinted in the front pages of the Complete Works, 4a: 5–4b: 2. Also Ssu K’u Ch’üan Shu Tsung Mu, loc. cit.
156.
Sung Lien, loc. cit.
157.
Also called Tzu Ch’eng Tzu, 10 bks. See Sung Lien, loc. cit.
158.
See “Ssu K’u Ch’üan Shu T’i Yao”, loc. cit., 4a: 13f; Ssu K’u Ch’üan Shu Tsung Ma, loc. cit.–One obvious occasion for the blunder made by the editors of the Ssu K’u Ch’üan Shu is the fact that the book has at least four different titles, namely, Erh Ch’eng Sui Yen, I Ch’uan Sui Yen, Ch’eng Tzu Sui Yen, and Tzu Ch’eng Tzu. As the book contains sayings mainly of Ch’eng I, but also occasionally of Ch’eng Hao, it may be called by any one of the four names.
159.
See Introduction Sect. 1.2.3, under Erh Ch’eng Wen Chi above.
160.
Chang Shih, Complete Works, where 73 letters of his to Chu Hsi, and 25 selected passages from letters to the same are preserved. But there is no mention of his ever seeing such a book.
161.
Chang Shih, Complete Works, Bk. XXXIII, 6a.
162.
T’an Shan-hsin, Preface, ICWC, Appendix, laf; Chou Tz’u-ch’en and Yü P’an, Postscripts, ICWC, Appendix, 13a: 8–14b: 1. Yü P’an (ibid. 14a: 1, 4–7) mentioned a collection of Miscellaneous Sayings of the Ch’engs or Ch’eng Shih Tsa Shuo, 10 books, which he found in a Sung bibliography but which he said had been lost, and the contents of which he could only guess.
163.
See “Table Showing the Main Editions of the Complete Works of the Two Masters Ch’eng”, at the beginning of Introduction Sect. 1.2.
164.
Ch’en Pang-chan, Sung Shih Chi Shih Pen Mo, chs. 56–64.
165.
Yang Shih, Complete Works, “Letter to Yu Cha, No. 6”, XIX, 3b; “Letters to Hu An-kuo, Nos.9, 11, 12, 14”, XX, 13a–16a; “Words of Mourning addressed to Yu Cha”, XXVIII, 7ab.
166.
See Yang Shih, all the documents just quoted. Also SY, Preface, 1a: 2.
167.
A few valuable notes need to be added: (1) Internal evidence shows (a) that the Sui Yen derived its material not only from recorded sayings but also from writings (e.g. SY, I, 36a; II, 13b: 3ff; II 17b: 12ff); (b) that in taking material from the writings, the compiler did not always prove himself a careful scholar. For instance, of 137 words taken from Ch’eng I’s letter to Yang Shih, 9 words were left out while 12 others were altered (SY, I, 23b, of. *ICWC. V, 12b.); and (c) That the Sui Yen looks like, but is not the same as, the text described by Chu Hsi as the “Hu Text” (see W3, Contents under Bk. VII). The reason is that from the “Hu Text” Chu Hsi was able only to pick out four items, which indicates that it was a small document, while the Sui Yen is a big one. Moreover, of the four items quoted by Chu Hsi, only 2 can be found in the Sui Yen, and the words do not entirely agree (SY, II, 10a: 12, of. WS VII, 4b: 5–6, X, la: 9; SY, II, 21a: 4–5, of. WS, VII, 4b: 3–4).
(2) There is a book called Erh Ch’eng Hsien Sheng Sui Yen, edited by Hsü Yang-cheng in the Ming Dynasty. Whether that could have anything to do with the present problem the author cannot tell, because writing in America, he is unable to refer to the book.
(3) There is another book called Ch’eng Shih Tsa Shuo or Miscellaneous Sayings of the Ch’engs, 10 bks., which we have noted above (Footnote 162), that might throw some light on the problem. But unfortunately, it was reported to have gone out of existence as early as the Yuan Dynasty.

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Ts’ai, Yc. (2018). Introduction. In: The Philosophy of Ch’eng I. China Academic Library. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8566-6_1

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