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Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidant Systems in Plants: Role and Regulation under Abiotic Stress pp 1–23Cite as

An Introduction to Antioxidants and Their Roles in Plant Stress Tolerance

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Abstract

Various abiotic stresses lead to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants which are highly reactive and toxic in plant cell. The ROS comprises both free radical (superoxide radicals, O2 −; hydroxyl radical, OH−; perhydroxyl radical, HO2 −; and alkoxy radicals, RO−) and non-radical (molecular) forms such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and singlet oxygen (O2). Chloroplasts and mitochondria are the major sites for the generation of O2 −. Plant’s abiotic stress tolerance requires a number of physiological and biochemical mechanisms which includes enzymatic (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; ascorbate peroxidase, APX; glutathione reductase, GR; monodehydroascorbate reductase, MDHAR; dehydroascorbate reductase, DHAR; glutathione peroxidase, GPX; guaiacol peroxidase, GPOX; and glutathione-S-transferase, GST) and non-enzymatic (ascorbic acid, ASH; glutathione, GSH; phenolic compounds; alkaloids; flavonoids; carotenoids; non-protein amino acids; and α-tocopherols). Increased environmental stresses imbalance the production of reactive oxygen species and thereby quench the activity of antioxidants and thus resulting in oxidative damage. ROS can cause damage to cell structures, nucleic acids, lipids and proteins. Certain ROS like OH- ions are said to react with all components of DNA and damage the purines and pyrimidines. The increased production of antioxidants thus helps the plant to withstand the environmental stress. This chapter focuses on the description of antioxidant defence system under abiotic stress in plants and its involvement in the removal of reactive oxygen species. Hence various types of antioxidants, their types and role will be discussed in detail.

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Abbreviations

1O2 :

Singlet oxygen

ABA:

Abscisic acid

APX:

Ascorbate peroxidase

AsA:

Ascorbate

AsA-GSH:

Ascorbate-glutathione

ASH:

Ascorbic acid

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

Ca2+:

Calcium ions

Car:

Carotene

Cars:

Carotenoids

CAT:

Catalase

Cd:

Cadmium

Cu/ZnSOD:

Copper/zinc superoxide dismutase

Cys:

Cysteine

DHAR:

Dehydroascorbate reductase

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

FeSOD:

Iron superoxide dismutase

GB:

Glycine betaine

GDH:

Glutamate dehydrogenase

GPOX:

Guaiacol peroxidase

GPX:

Glutathione peroxidase

GR:

Glutathione reductase

GSH:

Glutathione

GSSG:

Oxidized glutathione

GST:

Glutathione-S-transferase

H2O2 :

Hydrogen peroxide

HO2 − :

Perhydroxyl radical

LPO:

Lipid peroxidation

LDL:

Low density lipoprotein

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

MDHAR:

Monodehydroascorbate reductase

Mg2+ :

Magnesium ion

mM:

Millimolar

MnSOD:

Manganese superoxide dismutase

NaCl:

Sodium chloride

NADPH:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

NO:

Nitric oxide

NO:

Reactive nitric oxide

O2 − :

Superoxide radical

OH:

Hydroxyl radicals

POX:

Peroxidases

Pro:

Proline

PSI:

Photosystem I

PSII:

Photosystem II

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SODs:

Superoxide dismutases

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Acknowledgment

Authors are grateful to the University of Delhi for providing financial support under the DU Innovation Project SVC 103/2012. We also acknowledge Dr. (Mrs.) P. Hemalatha Reddy, Principal, Sri Venkateswara College, for providing the institutional support.

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Authors have no confliction.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110021, India

    Neeti Mehla & Pooja Bisht

  2. Biological Sciences, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110021, India

    Vinita Sindhi

  3. Life Sciences, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110021, India

    Deepti Josula

  4. Division of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture WADURA, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 191121, India

    Shabir H. Wani

  5. Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1325, USA

    Shabir H. Wani

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  1. Neeti Mehla
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  2. Vinita Sindhi
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  3. Deepti Josula
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Correspondence to Shabir H. Wani .

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  1. Crop and Environmental Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines

    M. Iqbal R. Khan

  2. Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

    Nafees A. Khan

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Mehla, N., Sindhi, V., Josula, D., Bisht, P., Wani, S.H. (2017). An Introduction to Antioxidants and Their Roles in Plant Stress Tolerance. In: Khan, M., Khan, N. (eds) Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidant Systems in Plants: Role and Regulation under Abiotic Stress. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5254-5_1

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