The EU Area of Fisheries and Normative Power Europe

Vatsov, Mihail

doi:10.1007/978-94-6265-583-6_3

Mihail Vatsov⁷

Part of the book series: Global Europe: Legal and Policy Issues of the EU’s External Action ((GELPIEEA,volume 3))

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Abstract

This chapter builds on the theoretical foundations set out in Chap. 2 and lays down further and more contextualised foundations for the subsequent chapters. It explains the notion of the area of fisheries in the EU as understood in this book and the way in which the framework of normativity generally applies in this area. More specifically, it explains the different dimensions of the area of fisheries and the various EU policies involved in it, thus setting the broad policy background of the analysis in the following chapters. The EU policies mentioned are Common Fisheries Policy, Environmental policy, Common Commercial Policy, Development Cooperation Policy, Social policy, and Common Transport Policy. This chapter also makes two central arguments. It argues that the EU (1) has the necessary institutional framework, internal competences, and external capacity to act normatively and (2) is required to act normatively in the area of fisheries based on both primary and secondary EU law instruments from the area of fisheries.

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Notes

1.
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (Consolidated Version), opened for signature 25 March 1957, entered into force 1 January 1958, TFEU 2016 OJ C202/47, Articles 3(1)(d) and 4(2)(d).
2.
Churchill and Owen 2010, p. 122; European Commission 2009, p. 5; 2011b, p. 3.
3.
European Parliament and Council 2013, Article 28(2)(b).
4.
European Commission 2011b, p. 13.
5.
Kirchner 2019.
6.
Cannizzaro 2007, p. 194; Larik 2018, p. 176.
7.
Ibid.
8.
TFEU, above n. 1, Articles 91, 100(2), 153(2), 192.
9.
Treaty on European Union (Consolidated Version), opened for signature 7 February 1992, entered into force 1 November 1993, TEU 2016 OJ C202/13, Article 15(2).
10.
TFEU, above n. 1, Article 294.
11.
ECJ, Case C-409/13 Council v Commission, Judgment, 14 April 2015, EU:C:2015:217, paras 70–74.
12.
TFEU, above n. 1, Articles 218(6)(a)(v) and (b) and 43(2)–(3).
13.
European Parliament and Council 2013, Articles 46–47.
14.
TFEU, above n. 1, Article 218(4) and (5).
15.
Ibid., Article 218(6).
16.
Ibid., Article 218(8).
17.
See Council 1991; ECJ, Case C-73/14 Council v Commission, Judgment, 6 October 2015, EU:C:2015:663, paras 58–59.
18.
Ibid., paras 69–76.
19.
TFEU, above n. 1, Articles 258, 260 and 263.
20.
On the role of science, see Lado 2020, pp. 206–215.
21.
European Commission 2016a.
22.
http://www.efca.europa.eu/en/content/mission-statement. Accessed 2 August 2022. See also Council 2005.
23.
Ibid., Article 4.
24.
Council 2004.
25.
European Parliament and Council 2013, Annex III; European Commission 2015a.
26.
https://ldac.eu/en/about-us. Accessed 2 August 2022.
27.
Lado 2016, p. 13; Churchill and Owen 2010, p. 27.
28.
Long and Curran 2000, pp. 61–63.
29.
Churchill and Owen 2010, p. 24.
30.
See Klamert 2014.
31.
Van Elsuwege 2019, pp. 283–284.
32.
A similar duty is set out for the Member States in the area of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (TEU, above n. 9, Article 24(3)) but it is not in the focus of this chapter.
33.
Cremona 2011a.
34.
Delgado Casteleiro and Larik 2011.
35.
ECJ, Case 22/70 Commission v Council (‘ERTA’), Judgment, 31 March 1971, EU:C:1971:32, para 22.
36.
ECJ, Case C-45/07 Commission v Greece, Judgment, 12 February 2009, EU:C:2009:81, paras 14–17.
37.
Ibid., para 30.
38.
ECJ, Opinion 2/91 Convention No 170 of the International Labour Organization concerning safety in the use of chemicals at work, Opinion, 19 March 1993, EU:C:1993:106, para 5.
39.
ECJ, Case C-399/12 Germany v Council, Judgment, 7 October 2014, EU:C:2014:2258, para 52.
40.
ECJ, Case C-370/07 Commission v Council, Judgment, 1 October 2009, EU:C:2009:590; ECJ, Case C-246/07 Commission v Sweden, Judgment, 20 April 2010, EU:C:2010:203.
41.
ECJ, Case C-600/14 Germany v Council, Judgment, 5 December 2017, EU:C:2017:935, para 62.
42.
Van Elsuwege 2019, p. 296.
43.
ECJ, Joined Cases C-626/15 and C-659/16 Commission v Council, Judgment, 20 November 2018, EU:C:2018:925.
44.
Churchill and Owen 2010, pp. 23–24. See also generally Larik 2018, p. 195.
45.
TFEU, above n. 1, Article 218(9).
46.
Larik 2018, p. 194.
47.
ECJ, Case C-25/94 Commission v Council, Judgment, 19 March 1996, EU:C:1996:114, para 49.
48.
For internal pre-emption see ECJ, Case 75/63 M.K.H. Hoekstra (nee Unger) v Bestuur der Bedrijfsvereniging voor Detailhandel en Ambachten, Judgment, 19 March 1964, EU:C:1964:19, para 2. For external pre-emption see ECJ, Case 22/70 Commission v Council (‘ERTA’), Judgment, 31 March 1971, EU:C:1971:32, para 17. Further on pre-emption, see Schütze 2006; Arena 2016.
49.
ECJ, Case 22/70 Commission v Council (‘ERTA’), Judgment, 31 March 1971, EU:C:1971:32.
50.
ECJ, Joined Cases 3, 4 and 6/76 Kramer, Judgment, 14 July 1976, EU:C:1976:114; ECJ, Opinion 1/76 Draft Agreement for Laying-Up Fund for Inland Waterway Vessels, Opinion, 26 April 1977, EU:C:1977:63; ECJ, Opinion 2/91 Convention No 170 of the International Labour Organization concerning safety in the use of chemicals at work, Opinion, 19 March 1993, EU:C:1993:106; ECJ, Opinion 1/94 TRIPS Agreement, Opinion, 15 November 1994, EU:C:1994:384; ECJ, Opinion 2/94 Accession by the Community to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Opinion, 28 March 1996, EU:C:1996:140; ECJ, Case C-466/98 Commission v United Kingdom, Judgment, 5 November 2002, EU:C:2002:624.
51.
The provisions were copied from the text of the Constitution for Europe. The Secretariat of the European Convention 2002, pp. 4, 15, 16. See also Cremona 2003.
52.
Gatti and Manzini 2012, p. 1711.
53.
Ibid.
54.
Ibid.
55.
TFEU, above n. 1, Article 4(2)(d).
56.
Ibid., Article 3(1)(d).
57.
ECJ, Joined Cases 3, 4 and 6/76 Kramer, Judgment, 14 July 1976, EU:C:1976:114, paras 30/33.
58.
ECJ, Case 804/79 Commission v United Kingdom, Judgment, 5 May 1981, EU:C:1981:93.
59.
Ibid., para 17.
60.
Churchill and Owen 2010, p. 48.
61.
Such statements can be found inter alia in Commission’s legislative proposals under the CFP where subsidiarity is discussed. E.g. European Commission 2015b, p. 3 stating about subsidiarity: “Not relevant here because fisheries policy is exclusive EU competence”.
62.
Markus 2009, p. 36.
63.
Churchill and Owen 2010, p. 130.
64.
ECJ, Joined Cases 3, 4 and 6/76 Kramer, Judgment, 14 July 1976, EU:C:1976:114.
65.
ECJ, Case 804/79 Commission v United Kingdom, Judgment, 5 May 1981, EU:C:1981:93, para 29.
66.
European Commission 2011c, p. 5.
67.
Examples are the proposals for the IUU fishing Regulation (European Commission 2007b, p. 7), Regulations on fixing fishing opportunities for EU vessels (e.g. European Commission 2008b, p. 5), Regulations on the allocation of fishing opportunities under bilateral fisheries agreements (e.g. European Commission 2016b, p. 2), Regulations establishing management plans for stocks (e.g. European Commission 2012, p. 6), the Control Regulation (European Commission 2008a, p. 8; European Commission 2013a, p. 2), the technical measures Regulation (European Commission 2016c, p. 7), the Regulation on a framework for data collection (European Commission 2015b, p. 3), the Regulation on the landing obligation (European Commission 2013b, p. 5), the Regulation on the external fishing fleets (European Commission 2015c, p. 3), the Regulation on vulnerable marine ecosystems (European Commission 2007c, p. 6), the Regulation prohibiting driftnet fisheries (European Commission 2014, p. 4), the Regulation prohibiting shark finning (European Commission 2011a, p. 2), and the Regulation on non-sustainable fishing third countries (European Commission 2011d, p. 3).
68.
European Parliament and Council 2013, Articles 19–20.
69.
Long and Curran 2000, p. 27.
70.
Churchill and Owen 2010, pp. 6–11.
71.
See European Commission 1976. The Commission kept in mind international aspects from the very inception of the plans to create a CFP. See European Commission 1966.
72.
Lado 2016, p. 144.
73.
European Parliament and Council 2013, Article 1(2).
74.
Lado 2016, pp. 145–146.
75.
European Parliament and Council 2013, Article 3(j).
76.
The EU has express competence with respect to trade in fishery products under the CCP but this goes beyond the present discussion. Furthermore, a theoretical discussion could be had on whether the express powers under the environmental competence can be used here. However, this has never happened in practice with respect to fisheries conservation and management-focused agreements and as such will not be addressed here. See Churchill and Owen 2010, p. 304.
77.
Eeckhout 2011, p. 78.
78.
ECJ, Joined Cases 3, 4 and 6/76 Kramer, Judgment, 14 July 1976, EU:C:1976:114, paras 30/33.
79.
Churchill and Owen 2010, pp. 306, 310.
80.
Ibid., p. 306.
81.
Ibid., p. 307.
82.
AG Jacobs, Case C-25/94 Commission v Council, Opinion, 26 October 1995, EU:C:1995:350, paras 17 and 68.
83.
United Nations 2004, pp. 268, 301.
84.
Churchill and Owen 2010, pp. 310–312.
85.
Ibid.
86.
Casteleiro 2012.
87.
Chalmers et al. 2010, p. 650; Weiler 1999, p. 177.
88.
TFEU, above n. 1, Article 4(2)(e).
89.
PCA, Chagos Marine Protected Area Arbitration (Mauritius v the UK), Award, 18 March 2015, Case No 2011-03, para 320, PCA, In the Matter of the South China Sea Arbitration (Philippines v China), Award, 12 July 2016, Case No 2013-19, para 945.
90.
AG Kokott, Joined Cases C-626/15 and C-659/16 Commission v Council, Opinion, 31 May 2018, EU:C:2018:362, para 73.
91.
TFEU, above n. 1, Article 191(4).
92.
Ibid.
93.
ECJ, Opinion 2/00 Cartagena Protocol, Opinion, 6 December 2001, EU:C:2001:664, para 43.
94.
De Baere 2014, p. 741.
95.
ECJ, Joined Cases C-626/15 and C-659/16 Commission v Council, Judgment, 20 November 2018, EU:C:2018:925.
96.
On facultative mixity, see Eckes 2019, pp. 170–173. For a more detailed discussion, see Chamon and Govaere 2020.
97.
Eckes (2018) Antarctica: Has the Court of Justice got cold feet? https://europeanlawblog.eu/2018/12/03/antarctica-has-the-court-of-justice-got-cold-feet/. Accessed 2 August 2022.
98.
Eckes 2019, p. 171.
99.
TFEU, above n. 1, Article 3(1)(e).
100.
Ibid., Article 207(1).
101.
Ibid., Article 207(4).
102.
Vatsov 2019.
103.
ECJ, Opinion 2/15 Singapore Free Trade Agreement, Opinion, 16 May 2017, EU:C:2017:376.
104.
Ibid., para 147.
105.
ECJ, Case C-316/91 Parliament v Council, Judgment, 2 March 1994, EU:C:1994:76, para 26.
106.
TFEU, above n. 1, Article 210.
107.
UN General Assembly 2015.
108.
Kettunen et al. 2018, p. 6.
109.
Broberg 2011, p. 546.
110.
European Commission 1999a, p. 3; b, p. 12; 2001a, p. 18. In 2001 the Commission saw as one of the objectives of the future CFP to be developing fisheries partnerships with third countries “in a manner coherent with the Community development policy”. European Commission 2001b, p. 21.
111.
Council 2001, para 24.
112.
Garben and Govaere 2017, p. 9.
113.
TFEU, above n. 1, Article 9.
114.
ECJ, Opinion 2/91 Convention No 170 of the International Labour Organization concerning safety in the use of chemicals at work, Opinion, 19 March 1993, EU:C:1993:106.
115.
TFEU, above n. 1, Article 91.
116.
ECJ, Opinion 1/76 Draft Agreement for Laying-Up Fund for Inland Waterway Vessels, Opinion, 26 April 1977, EU:C:1977:63.
117.
Lado 2016, p. 152. See also Maslen 1989, pp. 85–92.
118.
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, opened for signature 10 December 1982, 1833 UNTS 397, entered into force 16 November 1994, Article 305(f); Paasivirta 2015, pp. 1047–1048.
119.
The United Nations Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, opened for signature 4 August 1995, 2167 UNTS 3, entered into force 11 December 2001, Article 39.
120.
With respect to the older RFMOs—NAFO and its predecessor ICNAF. With respect to the more recent RFMOs—SPRFMO.
121.
FAO 1991a, b, paras 376–370.
122.
Manners 2008, pp. 46, 60.
123.
UN General Assembly 2015.
124.
European Parliament and Council 2013, Article 2(1).
125.
ECJ, Joined Cases 3, 4 and 6/76 Kramer, Judgment, 14 July 1976, EU:C:1976:114, paras 30/33.
126.
European Council 2007, Annex, p. 25.
127.
Council 2015, p. 2.
128.
ECJ, Case 294/83 Les Verts v Parliament, Judgment, 23 April 1986, EU:C:1986:166, para 23; ECJ, Opinion 1/91 Draft agreement between the Community, on the one hand, and the countries of the European Free Trade Association, on the other, relating to the creation of the European Economic Area, Opinion, 14 December 1991, EU:C:1991:490, para 21.
129.
Vianello 2018.
130.
European Parliament and Council 2013, recital 6.
131.
Ibid.
132.
TEU, above n. 9, Articles 3(5), 13(1), 17(1), 20, 22(1), 24(3), 26(1), 32, 34(2) and 42(5); TFEU, above n. 1, Articles 85(1), 86(1)–(2), 106(2), 107(3)(b), Protocol (No 5) on the Statute of the European Investment Bank, Article 18(1), Protocol (No 7) on the Privileges and Immunities of the European Union, Article 17, Protocol (No 22) on the Position of Denmark, preamble. See also European Commission 2007a, p. 2.
133.
In various places primary EU law talks about Union interest, best interest of the Union, general interest of the Union, fundamental interest of the Union, strategic interest of the Union, financial interest of the Union, matters of particular interest for economic and monetary union, common European interest (for projects), mutual interest (for projects with third States), common interest and general interest (without specifying it is of the Union).
134.
TEU, above n. 9, Article 22(1).
135.
Ibid., Article 3(5).
136.
Ibid., Article 21(2)(d) and (f).
137.
Ibid., Article 28(2)(c).
138.
Ibid., Article 28(2)(d).
139.
See ibid., Articles 11, 13, 21(3), and 26(2); TFEU, above n. 1, Articles 7, 334, and 359.
140.
Larik 2018.
141.
Single European Act, opened for signatures 17 February 1986, entered into force 1 July 1987, SEA OJ L169/1, preamble, Article 30(2)(d) and (5).
142.
Hillion 2012, p. 1.
143.
E.g. ibid.; Cremona 2011a; Hillion 2008, 2010; Cañamares 2018.
144.
Larik 2018, pp. 176, 182, 183.
145.
ECJ, Case C-246/07 Commission v Sweden, Judgment, 20 April 2010, EU:C:2010:203, para 104.
146.
Thies 2018, p. 263.
147.
Wakefield 2016, p. 129.
148.
European Parliament and Council 2013, Article 2(5)(j).
149.
Ibid., Article 3(h).
150.
Ibid., Article 28(2)(b).
151.
Ibid., recital 14.
152.
Ibid., recital 17.
153.
Ibid., Article 29(4).

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Mihail Vatsov

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Vatsov, M. (2023). The EU Area of Fisheries and Normative Power Europe. In: Fishing Power Europe. Global Europe: Legal and Policy Issues of the EU’s External Action, vol 3. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-583-6_3

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-583-6_3
Published: 01 January 2023
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