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Solidarity in EU Immigration and Asylum Law: A Corpus Linguistic Analysis

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The Principle of Solidarity

Part of the book series: Global Europe: Legal and Policy Issues of the EU’s External Action ((GELPIEEA,volume 2))

Abstract

Solidarity is one of the core concepts of the European Union. It is promulgated throughout EU primary and secondary legislation, as well as it is frequently called out by many politicians. However, it is not easy to determine the extent of the application of the principle of solidarity, or the lack thereof. Since the principle of solidarity has been so widely employed in a variety of fields, attaching to it multiple meanings, it has become extremely difficult to define its legal, political, and social meanings. The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of the concept of solidarity, especially focusing on EU immigration and asylum law. Therefore, the chapter is divided into three main sections. In Sect. 10.2, a theoretical framework of the overall concept of solidarity is provided, drawing conceptualisations from multiple fields such as sociology, political sciences, and law and discussing how the concept of solidarity has been introduced and shaped within the EU context, its legal framework and specifically EU asylum and immigration law. Section 10.3 outlines the methodological approach by emphasising the applicability of quantitative methods to the language of the law through quantitative corpus linguistic analysis. In the last section, Sect. 10.4, the results of the analysis are presented, conclusions are made, some caveats of the analysis are illustrated, and a future research agenda is set out.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Consolidated Version of the Treaty on European Union [2012] OJ C 326/13.

  2. 2.

    Grimmel 2017.

  3. 3.

    Dagilytė 2018.

  4. 4.

    Hayward 1959.

  5. 5.

    Stjernø 2005.

  6. 6.

    Durkheim 1893.

  7. 7.

    Durkheim 1893.

  8. 8.

    Stjernø 2005.

  9. 9.

    Küçük 2016, p. 968.

  10. 10.

    Steinvorth 2017.

  11. 11.

    Steinvorth 2017, p. 11.

  12. 12.

    Durkheim 1893.

  13. 13.

    Küçük 2016, p. 970.

  14. 14.

    Küçük 2016.

  15. 15.

    Küçük 2016.

  16. 16.

    Durkheim 1893.

  17. 17.

    Stjernø 2005, p. 36.

  18. 18.

    Durkheim 1893.

  19. 19.

    Steinvorth 2017, p. 11.

  20. 20.

    Stjernø 2005, p. 35.

  21. 21.

    Ross 2010, p. 27.

  22. 22.

    Stjernø 2005, p. 326.

  23. 23.

    Ross 2010.

  24. 24.

    Heyd 2007.

  25. 25.

    Wilde 2007.

  26. 26.

    Derpmann 2009.

  27. 27.

    Baurmann 1999.

  28. 28.

    Steinvorth 2017, p. 10.

  29. 29.

    Steinvorth 2017.

  30. 30.

    Ross 2010, p. 34.

  31. 31.

    Ross 2010, p. 34.

  32. 32.

    European Union 1950.

  33. 33.

    Treaty Establishing the European Coal and Steel Community, signed 18 April 1951, entered into force 23 July 1952, Document 11951K/TXT.

  34. 34.

    Sangiovanni 2013, p. 213.

  35. 35.

    Beutler 2017.

  36. 36.

    Grimmel 2017.

  37. 37.

    Barnard 2010, p. 80.

  38. 38.

    Steinvorth 2017.

  39. 39.

    Knodt and Tews 2017.

  40. 40.

    Sangiovanni 2013, p. 220.

  41. 41.

    Sangiovanni 2013.

  42. 42.

    Sangiovanni 2013.

  43. 43.

    Knodt and Tews 2017.

  44. 44.

    Knodt and Tews 2017, p. 51.

  45. 45.

    Knodt and Tews 2017, p. 52.

  46. 46.

    Agustín and Jørgensen 2019.

  47. 47.

    Ross 2010, p. 35.

  48. 48.

    Ross 2010, p. 36.

  49. 49.

    Ross 2010, p. 40.

  50. 50.

    Ross 2010, p. 28.

  51. 51.

    Küçük 2016.

  52. 52.

    Treaty of Lisbon Amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty Establishing the European Community, signed at Lisbon, 13 December 2007, OJ C 306/01.

  53. 53.

    Knodt and Tews 2017.

  54. 54.

    Beutler 2017, p. 30.

  55. 55.

    Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union [2000], adopted 7 December 2000, entered into force 1 December 2009, OJ C 326/02.

  56. 56.

    Bast 2018.

  57. 57.

    Kotzur 2017.

  58. 58.

    Wellens 2010.

  59. 59.

    Dagilytė 2018.

  60. 60.

    Dagilytė 2018.

  61. 61.

    Bast 2018, p. 290.

  62. 62.

    Dagilytė 2018.

  63. 63.

    Kotzur 2017, p. 43.

  64. 64.

    UN General Assembly (1951) Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, adopted 28 July 1951, 189 UNTS 137; UN General Assembly (1967) Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, adopted 31 January 1967, 606 UNTS 267.

  65. 65.

    Bast 2018.

  66. 66.

    European Parliament 1999.

  67. 67.

    Council of the European Union (2005) The Hague Programme: Strengthening Freedom, Security and Justice in the European Union 2005, OJ C 53/1.

  68. 68.

    Council of the European Union 2008.

  69. 69.

    European Council (2009) The Stockholm Programme - An Open and Secure Europe Serving and Protecting the Citizens, OJ C 115/1.

  70. 70.

    Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union [2012] OJ C 326/47.

  71. 71.

    Bast 2018.

  72. 72.

    Mitsilegas 2014, p. 187.

  73. 73.

    Goldner Lang 2013.

  74. 74.

    Bast 2018, p. 293.

  75. 75.

    Goldner Lang 2013.

  76. 76.

    Goldner Lang 2018.

  77. 77.

    Goldner Lang 2018.

  78. 78.

    Goldner Lang 2018, p. 152.

  79. 79.

    Karageorgiou 2016 and Mitsilegas 2014.

  80. 80.

    Bast 2018, pp. 293–294.

  81. 81.

    Grimmel 2017.

  82. 82.

    Grimmel 2017, p. 166.

  83. 83.

    Goźdź-Roszkowski 2012.

  84. 84.

    Gibbons 1999, p. 156.

  85. 85.

    Shuy 2015.

  86. 86.

    Engberg 2013.

  87. 87.

    Salmi-Tolonen 2013, p. 275.

  88. 88.

    Galdia 2017, p. 421.

  89. 89.

    Mattila 2013.

  90. 90.

    Goźdź-Roszkowski 2012.

  91. 91.

    Gibbons 1999.

  92. 92.

    Gibbons 1999.

  93. 93.

    Mellinkoff 2004, pp. 11–12.

  94. 94.

    Trosborg 1995, p. 32.

  95. 95.

    Grimmel 2017.

  96. 96.

    Galdia 2017, p. 150.

  97. 97.

    Galdia 2017.

  98. 98.

    Goźdź-Roszkowski 2021.

  99. 99.

    Partington et al 2013, p. 5.

  100. 100.

    Šadl and Olsen 2017, p. 335.

  101. 101.

    Gries 2016.

  102. 102.

    Gries and Newman 2014, p. 258.

  103. 103.

    McEnery et al 2005, p. 4.

  104. 104.

    Šadl and Olsen 2017.

  105. 105.

    Gries and Newman 2014.

  106. 106.

    Gries 2016.

  107. 107.

    Goźdź-Roszkowski 2021, p. 2.

  108. 108.

    Šadl and Olsen 2017.

  109. 109.

    Šadl and Olsen 2017.

  110. 110.

    Gries 2016.

  111. 111.

    Goźdź-Roszkowski 2021, p. 5.

  112. 112.

    European Asylum Support Office and International Association of Refugee Law Judges European Chapter 2016.

  113. 113.

    Qaiser and Ali 2018, p. 25.

  114. 114.

    Qaiser and Ali 2018.

  115. 115.

    Karageorgiou 2016.

  116. 116.

    Goldner Lang 2018.

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  1. Department of Political and Social Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

    Laura Mastroianni

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  1. Laura Mastroianni
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  1. T.M.C. Asser Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands

    Eva Kassoti

  2. T.M.C. Asser Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands

    Narin Idriz

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Mastroianni, L. (2023). Solidarity in EU Immigration and Asylum Law: A Corpus Linguistic Analysis. In: Kassoti, E., Idriz, N. (eds) The Principle of Solidarity. Global Europe: Legal and Policy Issues of the EU’s External Action, vol 2. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-575-1_10

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