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Notes
- 1.
This research was carried out under the aegis of the ECliS (Livestock, Climate and Society) programme funded by the French National Research Agency (Vulnerability, Environment, Climate and Society, VMCS 2008) from 2009 to 2012. The objective of the programme was to study the ‘contribution of livestock husbandry to the reduction of vulnerability of rural populations and to their adaptability to climate and societal changes in sub-Saharan Africa’.
- 2.
It is for this reason that the estimate of the Fulani population settled in the municipality is probably underestimated in the official figures.
- 3.
République du Bénin, 2002. Troisième recensement général de la population et de l’habitation. Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques. A census was conducted in 2013, but detailed results were not yet available at the time of our study.
- 4.
There is no distinction made, even though it is fundamental from a social point of view, between the Fulani stricto sensu and the Gando, the descendants of their slaves.
- 5.
Within the framework of the ECliS project, the sample of the socio-economic survey was constructed on the basis of a reasoned choice of a high overrepresentation of the Fulani group, which thus constitutes half of the sample. In spite of this, only a quarter of the sample (25%) belongs to the defined ‘Fulani agropastoralists’ group, due to the low level or the total absence of animal husbandry in some of the families, often experienced by them as a loss of identity (Ciavolella 2013).
- 6.
The ‘kitchen’ corresponds to the consumption group: one or more daily meals are prepared for the whole group (one or more households) from collective granaries.
- 7.
In the survey, the independent activities of single men dependent on the family group were taken into account at the household level.
- 8.
When there was only one household in the family (single family), the family and household questionnaires were merged. There are also very rare cases (less than 1%) in which the woman was the head of the household.
- 9.
In the case of Fulani agropastoralists, the agricultural production by women on their fields represents one-tenth of the total production of yam, groundnuts and millet, which are often sold. Apart from their work on family fields and domestic responsibilities, they engage in an average of five activities and a quarter of them in more than six.
- 10.
This is a fairly general aspect of complex families in Africa. The obligations of family members change during the life cycle of the family and the farm.
- 11.
This is a very common situation in Africa and has been studied for a long time. For a recent overview, see Chauveau et al. (2006).
- 12.
Survey of a sample of 59 women with children less than 5 years old, drawn from the typology of families. 103 children were measured and weighed according to WHO standards.
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Droy, I., Bidou, JÉ. (2018). The Precariousness of the Sedentarization of a Pastoral Fulani Population in Benin. In: Bosc, PM., Sourisseau, JM., Bonnal, P., Gasselin, P., Valette, É., Bélières, JF. (eds) Diversity of Family Farming Around the World. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1617-6_6
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