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Osseous Projectile Weaponry pp 221–235Cite as

A Review of Late Pleistocene North American Bone and Ivory Tools

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Part of the book series: Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology ((VERT))

Abstract

Osseous (bone and ivory) rods dating to the Early Paleoindian period (ca. 13,300–11,900 calendar years before present) have been found over much of North America. Previous researchers have attributed several possible functions to these artifacts, including use as projectile points, as foreshafts, as pressure-flaker handles, as sled shoes, and as levered hafting wedges. Considering the important link that osseous rods provide between the late Pleistocene cultures of North America and the Upper Paleolithic cultures of Europe and Asia, it is crucial that archaeologists define the range of variation and possible functions represented in the North American osseous rods. In this chapter we provide an up-to-date review of the distribution of late Pleistocene osseous rods across North America; describe the range of variation in morphology and attributes associated with this sample; and discuss the possible range of functions represented.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Michelle Langley for inviting us to participate in the volume. We also thank Michael R. Waters and the Center for the Study of the First Americans, Texas A&M University; Peter A. Bostrom and the Lithic Casting Laboratory; and two anonymous reviewers, both of whom helped clarify various points of discussion.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA

    Michael J. O’Brien & R. Lee Lyman

  2. Department of Anthropology, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA

    Briggs Buchanan

  3. Human Evolutionary Studies Program and Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada

    Mark Collard

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  1. Michael J. O’Brien
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Correspondence to Michael J. O’Brien .

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    Michelle C. Langley

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O’Brien, M.J., Lyman, R.L., Buchanan, B., Collard, M. (2016). A Review of Late Pleistocene North American Bone and Ivory Tools. In: Langley, M. (eds) Osseous Projectile Weaponry. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-0899-7_15

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